# Load csv file
Clean_Video_Games_Data <- read.csv2("Clean_Video_Games_Data.csv")

# set seed
set.seed(8)

# Change Global_Sales variable into millions
Clean_Video_Games_Data <- Clean_Video_Games_Data %>% mutate(Global_Sales = Global_Sales * 1000000)
## Warning: package 'bindrcpp' was built under R version 3.4.4

Before selecting a model for analysis, it could be useful to create some variables that detail the development of games and the role that co-developers play. From the developer variable, a co-developer variable and a count for that variable are made. Also, another developer variable is made that only shows the names of developers that have made more than 10 games.

## Create any other variables that could be used for later analysis

# Create the co developer column from the developer column
Clean_Video_Games_Data <- separate(Clean_Video_Games_Data, Developer, c("Developer", "Co_Developer"), sep = ",")
## Warning: Expected 2 pieces. Additional pieces discarded in 13 rows [1280,
## 1615, 2748, 4114, 4171, 4663, 6191, 6414, 6494, 6559, 6569, 6883, 6936].
## Warning: Expected 2 pieces. Missing pieces filled with `NA` in 6626 rows
## [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
## 24, ...].
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer <- ifelse(is.na(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer), "None", Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer)

# Make count column for Developer
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer <- as.character(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer)
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Dev_Count <- as.numeric(ave(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer, Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer, FUN = length))
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer <- as.character(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer)
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Dev_Count <- as.numeric(ave(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer, Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer, FUN = length))

Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Dev_Count <- ifelse(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer == "None", 0, Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Dev_Count)

# Create a new Developer column that shows which developers have only made 10 or fewer games
Larger_devs <- Clean_Video_Games_Data %>% count(Developer) %>% filter(n >= 10)
Clean_Video_Games_Data <- Clean_Video_Games_Data %>% mutate(Mod_Developer = ifelse(Developer %in% Larger_devs$Developer, Developer, "Small/New Developer"))

Model Selection

To start the model selection process, the data is split into a testing and training set. The training set contains 80 percent of the data, while the test set contains the remaining 20 percent.

# Split data into testing and training
split <- sample.split(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Global_Sales, SplitRatio = 0.8)
Games_Train <- subset(Clean_Video_Games_Data, split == TRUE)
Games_Test <- subset(Clean_Video_Games_Data, split == FALSE)

First, a model is selected manually using “Global_Sales” as the dependent variable and 5 other variables as the independent variables from the training set.

# Manual Selection
Games_Mod <- lm(Global_Sales ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score + Rating + Top_20_Devs, data = Games_Train)
summary(Games_Mod)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Global_Sales ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score + 
##     Rating + Top_20_Devs, data = Games_Train)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -4246314  -523645  -201456   219957 12022485 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        -942662     101441  -9.293  < 2e-16 ***
## GenreAdventure     -310198      91902  -3.375 0.000742 ***
## GenreFighting        49489      76636   0.646 0.518457    
## GenreMisc           263475      76547   3.442 0.000582 ***
## GenrePlatform      -134963      77086  -1.751 0.080033 .  
## GenrePuzzle        -519506     124750  -4.164 3.17e-05 ***
## GenreRacing         -48434      67695  -0.715 0.474354    
## GenreRole-Playing  -115838      59548  -1.945 0.051789 .  
## GenreShooter        -71048      56967  -1.247 0.212380    
## GenreSimulation     -20911      85530  -0.244 0.806858    
## GenreSports        -142608      63531  -2.245 0.024827 *  
## GenreStrategy      -527768      86477  -6.103 1.11e-09 ***
## Critic_Score         31219       1482  21.066  < 2e-16 ***
## User_Score          -68298      14009  -4.875 1.12e-06 ***
## RatingE10+          -87526      55318  -1.582 0.113647    
## RatingM              84673      58407   1.450 0.147198    
## RatingT            -153141      47844  -3.201 0.001378 ** 
## Top_20_Devs        2810718      80460  34.933  < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1194000 on 5650 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2937, Adjusted R-squared:  0.2915 
## F-statistic: 138.2 on 17 and 5650 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
# There are possibly better methods of model selection that are done automatically

The first model could be improved upon, therefore, an automated model selection process is used to find the best model possible. The scope of the model is set to possibly include any variable that could explain the global sales of games.

# Set the scope of the model fit

MaxFit <- lm(log(Global_Sales) ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score + Mod_Developer + Dev_Count + Rating + Top_20_Devs + Platform, data = Games_Train)
FitStart <- lm(log(Global_Sales) ~ 1, data = Games_Train)

Both forward selection and backward selection are used to find the best model. Both methods returned the same model.

# Forward selection
Forward_mod <- step(FitStart, direction = "forward", scope = formula(MaxFit))
## Start:  AIC=3878.77
## log(Global_Sales) ~ 1
## 
##                  Df Sum of Sq     RSS    AIC
## + Platform       16   1625.66  9606.8 3024.7
## + Critic_Score    1   1566.93  9665.6 3029.2
## + Mod_Developer 179   2066.72  9165.8 3084.3
## + Top_20_Devs     1    899.80 10332.7 3407.5
## + Dev_Count       1    438.40 10794.1 3655.1
## + Genre          11    427.76 10804.7 3680.7
## + User_Score      1    348.05 10884.4 3702.4
## + Rating          3     80.25 11152.3 3844.1
## <none>                        11232.5 3878.8
## 
## Step:  AIC=3024.66
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform
## 
##                  Df Sum of Sq    RSS    AIC
## + Critic_Score    1   2046.76 7560.1 1668.7
## + Mod_Developer 179   2076.36 7530.5 2002.4
## + Top_20_Devs     1    880.42 8726.4 2481.8
## + User_Score      1    458.12 9148.7 2749.7
## + Dev_Count       1    335.49 9271.3 2825.2
## + Genre          11    208.97 9397.9 2922.0
## + Rating          3    111.62 9495.2 2964.4
## <none>                        9606.8 3024.7
## 
## Step:  AIC=1668.65
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score
## 
##                  Df Sum of Sq    RSS    AIC
## + Mod_Developer 179   1222.02 6338.1 1027.3
## + Top_20_Devs     1    484.45 7075.6 1295.3
## + Genre          11    213.28 7346.8 1528.5
## + Dev_Count       1    100.29 7459.8 1595.0
## + User_Score      1     70.39 7489.7 1617.6
## + Rating          3     61.10 7499.0 1628.7
## <none>                        7560.1 1668.7
## 
## Step:  AIC=1027.32
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer
## 
##               Df Sum of Sq    RSS     AIC
## + Top_20_Devs  1   270.780 6067.3  781.84
## + Genre       11   172.056 6166.0  893.33
## + Rating       3    74.759 6263.3  966.07
## + Dev_Count    1    48.352 6289.7  985.92
## + User_Score   1    28.512 6309.5 1003.77
## <none>                     6338.1 1027.32
## 
## Step:  AIC=781.84
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer + 
##     Top_20_Devs
## 
##              Df Sum of Sq    RSS    AIC
## + Genre      11   154.909 5912.4 657.25
## + Rating      3    61.316 6006.0 730.27
## + Dev_Count   1    30.558 6036.7 755.23
## + User_Score  1    21.266 6046.0 763.94
## <none>                    6067.3 781.84
## 
## Step:  AIC=657.25
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer + 
##     Top_20_Devs + Genre
## 
##              Df Sum of Sq    RSS    AIC
## + Rating      3    59.108 5853.3 606.30
## + Dev_Count   1    24.041 5888.3 636.16
## + User_Score  1    19.095 5893.3 640.91
## <none>                    5912.4 657.25
## 
## Step:  AIC=606.3
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer + 
##     Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating
## 
##              Df Sum of Sq    RSS    AIC
## + Dev_Count   1    22.046 5831.2 586.91
## + User_Score  1    19.002 5834.3 589.87
## <none>                    5853.3 606.30
## 
## Step:  AIC=586.91
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer + 
##     Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating + Dev_Count
## 
##              Df Sum of Sq    RSS    AIC
## + User_Score  1    18.388 5812.8 571.01
## <none>                    5831.2 586.91
## 
## Step:  AIC=571.01
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer + 
##     Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating + Dev_Count + User_Score
summary(Forward_mod)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer + 
##     Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating + Dev_Count + User_Score, data = Games_Train)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.6775 -0.6417  0.0029  0.6713  4.3072 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                              Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                                  9.248895   0.429542  21.532
## PlatformDC                                  -1.572528   0.347974  -4.519
## PlatformDS                                   0.097439   0.107927   0.903
## PlatformGBA                                 -0.323288   0.121637  -2.658
## PlatformGC                                  -0.628030   0.113904  -5.514
## PlatformPC                                  -1.720476   0.108090 -15.917
## PlatformPS                                   0.399066   0.137443   2.904
## PlatformPS2                                  0.257783   0.102550   2.514
## PlatformPS3                                  0.355607   0.104466   3.404
## PlatformPS4                                 -0.229205   0.120468  -1.903
## PlatformPSP                                 -0.125377   0.111514  -1.124
## PlatformPSV                                 -0.548685   0.144069  -3.808
## PlatformWii                                  0.454283   0.108238   4.197
## PlatformWiiU                                -0.478958   0.155314  -3.084
## PlatformX360                                 0.259175   0.103669   2.500
## PlatformXB                                  -0.628541   0.109140  -5.759
## PlatformXOne                                -0.429721   0.135354  -3.175
## Critic_Score                                 0.038677   0.001517  25.493
## Mod_Developer3DO                             0.227273   0.496904   0.457
## Mod_Developer7 Studios                       0.900592   0.514459   1.751
## Mod_Developer989 Sports                      0.820793   0.510404   1.608
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim                         0.031948   0.473538   0.067
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim Studios Cheltenham      0.315882   0.558318   0.566
## Mod_DeveloperAcquire                         0.220231   0.527021   0.418
## Mod_DeveloperActivision                      0.334693   0.489403   0.684
## Mod_DeveloperAmaze Entertainment             0.761423   0.480899   1.583
## Mod_DeveloperArc System Works               -1.336649   0.480209  -2.783
## Mod_DeveloperArgonaut Games                  0.460811   0.514754   0.895
## Mod_DeveloperArtificial Mind and Movement   -0.232028   0.487541  -0.476
## Mod_DeveloperAsobo Studio                    0.784169   0.502515   1.560
## Mod_DeveloperAtlus                           0.226359   0.486062   0.466
## Mod_DeveloperAvalanche Software              1.267832   0.490256   2.586
## Mod_DeveloperBackbone Entertainment          0.241425   0.475162   0.508
## Mod_DeveloperBandai                          0.111075   0.513667   0.216
## Mod_DeveloperBandai Namco Games              0.606158   0.481684   1.258
## Mod_DeveloperBeenox                         -0.028819   0.480513  -0.060
## Mod_DeveloperBioWare                         0.941103   0.474248   1.984
## Mod_DeveloperBizarre Creations               0.742777   0.525168   1.414
## Mod_DeveloperBlack Box                       0.910082   0.487856   1.865
## Mod_DeveloperBlitz Games                     0.673253   0.479249   1.405
## Mod_DeveloperBlizzard Entertainment          2.446373   0.474455   5.156
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Castle Games              -0.069432   0.499976  -0.139
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Tongue Entertainment       0.030406   0.514007   0.059
## Mod_DeveloperBugbear                        -0.301070   0.527617  -0.571
## Mod_DeveloperCapcom                         -4.084497   1.157646  -3.528
## Mod_DeveloperCavia Inc.                      0.702272   0.539518   1.302
## Mod_DeveloperCity Interactive                1.362149   0.580478   2.347
## Mod_DeveloperClimax Group                   -0.789546   0.483756  -1.632
## Mod_DeveloperCodemasters                    -1.762250   0.590078  -2.986
## Mod_DeveloperCompile Heart                  -0.053583   0.541866  -0.099
## Mod_DeveloperCreative Assembly               1.003721   0.475619   2.110
## Mod_DeveloperCriterion Games                 0.124980   0.464408   0.269
## Mod_DeveloperCrystal Dynamics                0.296712   0.474240   0.626
## Mod_DeveloperCrytek                          1.312525   0.514983   2.549
## Mod_DeveloperCyberConnect2                   0.252764   0.468298   0.540
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Eclipse                 0.851184   0.492393   1.729
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Extremes                1.028884   0.610058   1.687
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Illusions               0.659953   0.525003   1.257
## Mod_DeveloperDimps Corporation               0.809743   0.470729   1.720
## Mod_DeveloperDouble Helix Games              0.421927   0.486732   0.867
## Mod_DeveloperEA Black Box                    1.410475   0.510833   2.761
## Mod_DeveloperEA Bright Light                 0.876803   0.493094   1.778
## Mod_DeveloperEA Canada                      -5.052631   1.379984  -3.661
## Mod_DeveloperEA DICE                        -0.615780   0.479898  -1.283
## Mod_DeveloperEA Games                        0.573022   0.468910   1.222
## Mod_DeveloperEA LA                           1.399113   0.484998   2.885
## Mod_DeveloperEA Redwood Shores               0.803475   0.464255   1.731
## Mod_DeveloperEA Sports                      -4.522539   1.319301  -3.428
## Mod_DeveloperEA Tiburon                     -2.137912   0.805219  -2.655
## Mod_DeveloperEdge of Reality                 0.872989   0.513970   1.699
## Mod_DeveloperElectronic Arts                -1.247917   0.672359  -1.856
## Mod_DeveloperEpic Games                      0.634354   0.490275   1.294
## Mod_DeveloperEurocom Entertainment Software -0.065634   0.508210  -0.129
## Mod_DeveloperEutechnyx                      -0.427183   0.486151  -0.879
## Mod_DeveloperExient Entertainment           -0.108424   0.460801  -0.235
## Mod_DeveloperFiraxis Games                   1.083427   0.518471   2.090
## Mod_DeveloperFree Radical Design             0.204587   0.526148   0.389
## Mod_DeveloperFreeStyleGames                  0.535920   0.543303   0.986
## Mod_DeveloperFrom Software                  -0.737477   0.502455  -1.468
## Mod_DeveloperFrontier Developments           0.996518   0.562156   1.773
## Mod_DeveloperFUN Labs                        0.495097   0.511709   0.968
## Mod_DeveloperGaijin Entertainment            0.034397   0.612947   0.056
## Mod_DeveloperGame Arts                       0.555436   0.490408   1.133
## Mod_DeveloperGame Republic                   0.442222   0.525892   0.841
## Mod_DeveloperGearbox Software                0.156657   0.474130   0.330
## Mod_DeveloperGrasshopper Manufacture        -0.337189   0.504410  -0.668
## Mod_DeveloperGriptonite Games                0.688595   0.479032   1.437
## Mod_DeveloperGust                           -0.043459   0.497404  -0.087
## Mod_DeveloperHaemimont                       0.616304   0.505897   1.218
## Mod_DeveloperHAL Labs                        2.037767   0.496913   4.101
## Mod_DeveloperHarmonix Music Systems         -0.138180   0.485135  -0.285
## Mod_DeveloperHB Studios Multimedia           0.247640   0.523097   0.473
## Mod_DeveloperHeavy Iron Studios              1.198766   0.493951   2.427
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Moon Studios               0.397466   0.524983   0.757
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Voltage Software          -0.272427   0.484059  -0.563
## Mod_DeveloperHudson                          1.915299   0.517316   3.702
## Mod_DeveloperHudson Soft                     0.529131   0.539487   0.981
## Mod_Developerid Software                     0.601656   0.515136   1.168
## Mod_DeveloperInfinity Ward                   0.458441   0.486154   0.943
## Mod_DeveloperIntelligent Systems             1.431006   0.488240   2.931
## Mod_DeveloperIo Interactive                  0.113534   0.466720   0.243
## Mod_DeveloperKCEJ                            0.923600   0.558048   1.655
## Mod_DeveloperKCET                            0.053942   0.463593   0.116
## Mod_DeveloperKoei                           -0.851076   0.489677  -1.738
## Mod_DeveloperKojima Productions              0.744356   0.496930   1.498
## Mod_DeveloperKonami                         -3.112838   0.917042  -3.394
## Mod_DeveloperKrome Studios                   0.479588   0.471912   1.016
## Mod_DeveloperKush Games                     -0.026277   0.466059  -0.056
## Mod_DeveloperLevel 5                         0.253378   0.491692   0.515
## Mod_DeveloperLucasArts                       0.768410   0.482106   1.594
## Mod_DeveloperMass Media                      0.791377   0.491556   1.610
## Mod_DeveloperMaxis                           0.840061   0.511863   1.641
## Mod_DeveloperMicrosoft Game Studios          1.115873   0.512469   2.177
## Mod_DeveloperMidway                         -0.760891   0.532660  -1.428
## Mod_DeveloperMilestone S.r.l                -0.818932   0.494428  -1.656
## Mod_DeveloperMonolith Productions            0.963459   0.540038   1.784
## Mod_Developern-Space                         1.028530   0.609412   1.688
## Mod_DeveloperNamco                          -0.840078   0.579421  -1.450
## Mod_DeveloperNamco Bandai Games              0.446350   0.473834   0.942
## Mod_DeveloperNatsume                         0.059630   0.541298   0.110
## Mod_DeveloperNaughty Dog                     0.440553   0.519309   0.848
## Mod_DeveloperNeverland                       0.093611   0.497658   0.188
## Mod_DeveloperNeversoft Entertainment         0.077516   0.518677   0.149
## Mod_DeveloperNext Level Games                0.302920   0.523229   0.579
## Mod_DeveloperNintendo                       -1.711740   0.670680  -2.552
## Mod_DeveloperNippon Ichi Software           -0.579227   0.472024  -1.227
## Mod_DeveloperNow Production                 -0.362289   0.608326  -0.596
## Mod_DeveloperObsidian Entertainment          0.887752   0.480397   1.848
## Mod_DeveloperOmega Force                    -1.804605   0.689739  -2.616
## Mod_DeveloperPage 44 Studios                 0.767705   0.554432   1.385
## Mod_DeveloperPandemic Studios                1.154291   0.483847   2.386
## Mod_DeveloperParadigm Entertainment          0.752195   0.514076   1.463
## Mod_DeveloperPipeworks Software              1.213833   0.556077   2.183
## Mod_DeveloperPivotal Games                   0.508539   0.610904   0.832
## Mod_DeveloperPlatinumGames                   0.106541   0.484663   0.220
## Mod_DeveloperPoint of View                   0.174283   0.501891   0.347
## Mod_DeveloperPopCap                          0.637474   0.485741   1.312
## Mod_DeveloperRacjin                          0.354928   0.524950   0.676
## Mod_DeveloperRadical Entertainment          -0.188610   0.488456  -0.386
## Mod_DeveloperRainbow Studios                 0.456649   0.467136   0.978
## Mod_DeveloperRare Ltd.                       1.112618   0.474040   2.347
## Mod_DeveloperRaven Software                  0.634768   0.497076   1.277
## Mod_DeveloperRebellion                      -0.533409   0.473766  -1.126
## Mod_DeveloperRed Storm Entertainment         1.000889   0.526096   1.902
## Mod_DeveloperRelic                           0.475729   0.507635   0.937
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar North                  0.236229   0.540338   0.437
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar San Diego              1.024459   0.477458   2.146
## Mod_DeveloperRocksteady Studios              1.129079   0.489375   2.307
## Mod_DeveloperSCE Japan Studio                0.212915   0.485849   0.438
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA                            0.083226   0.481383   0.173
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA San Diego Studios         -0.070517   0.467603  -0.151
## Mod_DeveloperSCEE London Studio              0.972539   0.512158   1.899
## Mod_DeveloperSega                           -0.284804   0.487692  -0.584
## Mod_DeveloperShaba Games                     0.771824   0.522635   1.477
## Mod_DeveloperShiny Entertainment             1.950567   0.579577   3.365
## Mod_DeveloperSmall/New Developer             0.812177   0.402686   2.017
## Mod_DeveloperSNK Playmore                   -0.688024   0.483463  -1.423
## Mod_DeveloperSonic Team                      0.699798   0.493231   1.419
## Mod_DeveloperSpark Unlimited                 0.812123   0.514400   1.579
## Mod_DeveloperSpike                           0.359408   0.482217   0.745
## Mod_DeveloperSpike Chunsoft                  0.168784   0.507666   0.332
## Mod_DeveloperSquare Enix                    -0.007879   0.519166  -0.015
## Mod_DeveloperSquareSoft                      1.984719   0.489854   4.052
## Mod_DeveloperStarbreeze                     -0.197855   0.526082  -0.376
## Mod_DeveloperSting                          -0.117193   0.527437  -0.222
## Mod_DeveloperSumo Digital                    0.122748   0.487703   0.252
## Mod_DeveloperTaito Corporation              -0.341962   0.476192  -0.718
## Mod_DeveloperTeam 17                        -0.422630   0.471309  -0.897
## Mod_DeveloperTeam Ninja                      0.286845   0.480764   0.597
## Mod_DeveloperTechland                        0.333931   0.481792   0.693
## Mod_DeveloperTecmo                          -0.593354   0.473940  -1.252
## Mod_DeveloperTerminal Reality               -0.460663   0.470453  -0.979
## Mod_DeveloperTHQ                            -0.058295   0.461323  -0.126
## Mod_DeveloperTOSE                            0.358005   0.486073   0.737
## Mod_DeveloperToys for Bob                    0.684213   0.483185   1.416
## Mod_DeveloperTraveller's Tales              -0.866915   0.653365  -1.327
## Mod_DeveloperTreasure                       -0.448550   0.525994  -0.853
## Mod_DeveloperTreyarch                       -1.619064   0.536214  -3.019
## Mod_DeveloperTri-Ace                         0.870208   0.515931   1.687
## Mod_DeveloperTT Games                        0.057850   0.513760   0.113
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft                        -2.864523   0.983273  -2.913
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montpellier             0.658419   0.480718   1.370
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montreal               -1.947482   0.797034  -2.443
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Paris                   1.037901   0.491615   2.111
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Quebec                  0.794411   0.539416   1.473
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Romania                 0.411082   0.525757   0.782
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Shanghai                0.019529   0.470612   0.041
## Mod_DeveloperValve Software                  1.419513   0.506047   2.805
## Mod_DeveloperVicarious Visions              -0.804784   0.607280  -1.325
## Mod_DeveloperVicious Cycle                   0.097998   0.504367   0.194
## Mod_DeveloperVisceral Games                  1.142712   0.513670   2.225
## Mod_DeveloperVisual Concepts                -1.560249   0.657154  -2.374
## Mod_DeveloperVolition Inc.                   0.163229   0.477151   0.342
## Mod_DeveloperWayForward                     -0.205204   0.475714  -0.431
## Mod_DeveloperYuke's                         -0.219019   0.536705  -0.408
## Mod_DeveloperZ-Axis                          0.561504   0.493751   1.137
## Mod_DeveloperZoe Mode                        0.270800   0.558343   0.485
## Top_20_Devs                                  1.824619   0.126340  14.442
## GenreAdventure                              -0.435657   0.082485  -5.282
## GenreFighting                                0.098118   0.078055   1.257
## GenreMisc                                    0.155677   0.076771   2.028
## GenrePlatform                               -0.144808   0.071136  -2.036
## GenrePuzzle                                 -0.806052   0.115668  -6.969
## GenreRacing                                  0.102231   0.069444   1.472
## GenreRole-Playing                           -0.142235   0.061020  -2.331
## GenreShooter                                -0.035237   0.055748  -0.632
## GenreSimulation                              0.127352   0.084140   1.514
## GenreSports                                 -0.113323   0.069152  -1.639
## GenreStrategy                               -0.457611   0.087845  -5.209
## RatingE10+                                  -0.174017   0.052246  -3.331
## RatingM                                      0.191740   0.059287   3.234
## RatingT                                     -0.097000   0.047760  -2.031
## Dev_Count                                    0.040823   0.009103   4.484
## User_Score                                  -0.057211   0.013773  -4.154
##                                             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                                  < 2e-16 ***
## PlatformDC                                  6.34e-06 ***
## PlatformDS                                  0.366661    
## PlatformGBA                                 0.007888 ** 
## PlatformGC                                  3.68e-08 ***
## PlatformPC                                   < 2e-16 ***
## PlatformPS                                  0.003705 ** 
## PlatformPS2                                 0.011975 *  
## PlatformPS3                                 0.000669 ***
## PlatformPS4                                 0.057141 .  
## PlatformPSP                                 0.260930    
## PlatformPSV                                 0.000141 ***
## PlatformWii                                 2.75e-05 ***
## PlatformWiiU                                0.002054 ** 
## PlatformX360                                0.012447 *  
## PlatformXB                                  8.92e-09 ***
## PlatformXOne                                0.001508 ** 
## Critic_Score                                 < 2e-16 ***
## Mod_Developer3DO                            0.647417    
## Mod_Developer7 Studios                      0.080078 .  
## Mod_Developer989 Sports                     0.107866    
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim                        0.946213    
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim Studios Cheltenham     0.571570    
## Mod_DeveloperAcquire                        0.676052    
## Mod_DeveloperActivision                     0.494079    
## Mod_DeveloperAmaze Entertainment            0.113404    
## Mod_DeveloperArc System Works               0.005397 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperArgonaut Games                 0.370717    
## Mod_DeveloperArtificial Mind and Movement   0.634155    
## Mod_DeveloperAsobo Studio                   0.118702    
## Mod_DeveloperAtlus                          0.641450    
## Mod_DeveloperAvalanche Software             0.009734 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperBackbone Entertainment         0.611411    
## Mod_DeveloperBandai                         0.828810    
## Mod_DeveloperBandai Namco Games             0.208296    
## Mod_DeveloperBeenox                         0.952178    
## Mod_DeveloperBioWare                        0.047260 *  
## Mod_DeveloperBizarre Creations              0.157313    
## Mod_DeveloperBlack Box                      0.062169 .  
## Mod_DeveloperBlitz Games                    0.160135    
## Mod_DeveloperBlizzard Entertainment         2.61e-07 ***
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Castle Games              0.889557    
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Tongue Entertainment      0.952831    
## Mod_DeveloperBugbear                        0.568280    
## Mod_DeveloperCapcom                         0.000422 ***
## Mod_DeveloperCavia Inc.                     0.193086    
## Mod_DeveloperCity Interactive               0.018981 *  
## Mod_DeveloperClimax Group                   0.102712    
## Mod_DeveloperCodemasters                    0.002835 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperCompile Heart                  0.921233    
## Mod_DeveloperCreative Assembly              0.034874 *  
## Mod_DeveloperCriterion Games                0.787851    
## Mod_DeveloperCrystal Dynamics               0.531566    
## Mod_DeveloperCrytek                         0.010840 *  
## Mod_DeveloperCyberConnect2                  0.589391    
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Eclipse                0.083925 .  
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Extremes               0.091750 .  
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Illusions              0.208791    
## Mod_DeveloperDimps Corporation              0.085455 .  
## Mod_DeveloperDouble Helix Games             0.386059    
## Mod_DeveloperEA Black Box                   0.005780 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperEA Bright Light                0.075432 .  
## Mod_DeveloperEA Canada                      0.000253 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEA DICE                        0.199494    
## Mod_DeveloperEA Games                       0.221750    
## Mod_DeveloperEA LA                          0.003932 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperEA Redwood Shores              0.083566 .  
## Mod_DeveloperEA Sports                      0.000613 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEA Tiburon                     0.007952 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperEdge of Reality                0.089466 .  
## Mod_DeveloperElectronic Arts                0.063503 .  
## Mod_DeveloperEpic Games                     0.195764    
## Mod_DeveloperEurocom Entertainment Software 0.897245    
## Mod_DeveloperEutechnyx                      0.379600    
## Mod_DeveloperExient Entertainment           0.813990    
## Mod_DeveloperFiraxis Games                  0.036695 *  
## Mod_DeveloperFree Radical Design            0.697411    
## Mod_DeveloperFreeStyleGames                 0.323975    
## Mod_DeveloperFrom Software                  0.142230    
## Mod_DeveloperFrontier Developments          0.076339 .  
## Mod_DeveloperFUN Labs                       0.333318    
## Mod_DeveloperGaijin Entertainment           0.955250    
## Mod_DeveloperGame Arts                      0.257432    
## Mod_DeveloperGame Republic                  0.400441    
## Mod_DeveloperGearbox Software               0.741104    
## Mod_DeveloperGrasshopper Manufacture        0.503854    
## Mod_DeveloperGriptonite Games               0.150641    
## Mod_DeveloperGust                           0.930380    
## Mod_DeveloperHaemimont                      0.223186    
## Mod_DeveloperHAL Labs                       4.18e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperHarmonix Music Systems         0.775786    
## Mod_DeveloperHB Studios Multimedia          0.635939    
## Mod_DeveloperHeavy Iron Studios             0.015261 *  
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Moon Studios              0.449021    
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Voltage Software          0.573597    
## Mod_DeveloperHudson                         0.000216 ***
## Mod_DeveloperHudson Soft                    0.326733    
## Mod_Developerid Software                    0.242876    
## Mod_DeveloperInfinity Ward                  0.345725    
## Mod_DeveloperIntelligent Systems            0.003393 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperIo Interactive                 0.807813    
## Mod_DeveloperKCEJ                           0.097971 .  
## Mod_DeveloperKCET                           0.907374    
## Mod_DeveloperKoei                           0.082261 .  
## Mod_DeveloperKojima Productions             0.134215    
## Mod_DeveloperKonami                         0.000693 ***
## Mod_DeveloperKrome Studios                  0.309548    
## Mod_DeveloperKush Games                     0.955041    
## Mod_DeveloperLevel 5                        0.606351    
## Mod_DeveloperLucasArts                      0.111025    
## Mod_DeveloperMass Media                     0.107468    
## Mod_DeveloperMaxis                          0.100817    
## Mod_DeveloperMicrosoft Game Studios         0.029490 *  
## Mod_DeveloperMidway                         0.153212    
## Mod_DeveloperMilestone S.r.l                0.097714 .  
## Mod_DeveloperMonolith Productions           0.074470 .  
## Mod_Developern-Space                        0.091518 .  
## Mod_DeveloperNamco                          0.147156    
## Mod_DeveloperNamco Bandai Games             0.346236    
## Mod_DeveloperNatsume                        0.912285    
## Mod_DeveloperNaughty Dog                    0.396283    
## Mod_DeveloperNeverland                      0.850803    
## Mod_DeveloperNeversoft Entertainment        0.881204    
## Mod_DeveloperNext Level Games               0.562652    
## Mod_DeveloperNintendo                       0.010730 *  
## Mod_DeveloperNippon Ichi Software           0.219832    
## Mod_DeveloperNow Production                 0.551500    
## Mod_DeveloperObsidian Entertainment         0.064663 .  
## Mod_DeveloperOmega Force                    0.008912 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperPage 44 Studios                0.166210    
## Mod_DeveloperPandemic Studios               0.017083 *  
## Mod_DeveloperParadigm Entertainment         0.143471    
## Mod_DeveloperPipeworks Software             0.029089 *  
## Mod_DeveloperPivotal Games                  0.405198    
## Mod_DeveloperPlatinumGames                  0.826015    
## Mod_DeveloperPoint of View                  0.728415    
## Mod_DeveloperPopCap                         0.189450    
## Mod_DeveloperRacjin                         0.498994    
## Mod_DeveloperRadical Entertainment          0.699412    
## Mod_DeveloperRainbow Studios                0.328340    
## Mod_DeveloperRare Ltd.                      0.018956 *  
## Mod_DeveloperRaven Software                 0.201655    
## Mod_DeveloperRebellion                      0.260261    
## Mod_DeveloperRed Storm Entertainment        0.057161 .  
## Mod_DeveloperRelic                          0.348724    
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar North                 0.661993    
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar San Diego             0.031945 *  
## Mod_DeveloperRocksteady Studios             0.021082 *  
## Mod_DeveloperSCE Japan Studio               0.661235    
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA                           0.862745    
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA San Diego Studios         0.880135    
## Mod_DeveloperSCEE London Studio             0.057630 .  
## Mod_DeveloperSega                           0.559255    
## Mod_DeveloperShaba Games                    0.139789    
## Mod_DeveloperShiny Entertainment            0.000769 ***
## Mod_DeveloperSmall/New Developer            0.043755 *  
## Mod_DeveloperSNK Playmore                   0.154760    
## Mod_DeveloperSonic Team                     0.156013    
## Mod_DeveloperSpark Unlimited                0.114446    
## Mod_DeveloperSpike                          0.456108    
## Mod_DeveloperSpike Chunsoft                 0.739546    
## Mod_DeveloperSquare Enix                    0.987892    
## Mod_DeveloperSquareSoft                     5.16e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperStarbreeze                     0.706864    
## Mod_DeveloperSting                          0.824171    
## Mod_DeveloperSumo Digital                   0.801293    
## Mod_DeveloperTaito Corporation              0.472716    
## Mod_DeveloperTeam 17                        0.369910    
## Mod_DeveloperTeam Ninja                     0.550770    
## Mod_DeveloperTechland                       0.488275    
## Mod_DeveloperTecmo                          0.210637    
## Mod_DeveloperTerminal Reality               0.327529    
## Mod_DeveloperTHQ                            0.899449    
## Mod_DeveloperTOSE                           0.461442    
## Mod_DeveloperToys for Bob                   0.156819    
## Mod_DeveloperTraveller's Tales              0.184616    
## Mod_DeveloperTreasure                       0.393827    
## Mod_DeveloperTreyarch                       0.002544 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperTri-Ace                        0.091723 .  
## Mod_DeveloperTT Games                       0.910351    
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft                        0.003591 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montpellier            0.170850    
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montreal               0.014581 *  
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Paris                  0.034800 *  
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Quebec                 0.140883    
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Romania                0.434316    
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Shanghai               0.966901    
## Mod_DeveloperValve Software                 0.005048 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperVicarious Visions              0.185151    
## Mod_DeveloperVicious Cycle                  0.845949    
## Mod_DeveloperVisceral Games                 0.026149 *  
## Mod_DeveloperVisual Concepts                0.017619 *  
## Mod_DeveloperVolition Inc.                  0.732296    
## Mod_DeveloperWayForward                     0.666224    
## Mod_DeveloperYuke's                         0.683231    
## Mod_DeveloperZ-Axis                         0.255496    
## Mod_DeveloperZoe Mode                       0.627690    
## Top_20_Devs                                  < 2e-16 ***
## GenreAdventure                              1.33e-07 ***
## GenreFighting                               0.208795    
## GenreMisc                                   0.042628 *  
## GenrePlatform                               0.041833 *  
## GenrePuzzle                                 3.58e-12 ***
## GenreRacing                                 0.141042    
## GenreRole-Playing                           0.019792 *  
## GenreShooter                                0.527361    
## GenreSimulation                             0.130193    
## GenreSports                                 0.101325    
## GenreStrategy                               1.97e-07 ***
## RatingE10+                                  0.000872 ***
## RatingM                                     0.001228 ** 
## RatingT                                     0.042305 *  
## Dev_Count                                   7.46e-06 ***
## User_Score                                  3.32e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.032 on 5454 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4825, Adjusted R-squared:  0.4623 
## F-statistic: 23.87 on 213 and 5454 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
# Backward Selection

Backward_mod <- step(MaxFit, direction = "backward")
## Start:  AIC=571.01
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score + Mod_Developer + 
##     Dev_Count + Rating + Top_20_Devs + Platform
## 
##                  Df Sum of Sq    RSS     AIC
## <none>                        5812.8  571.01
## - User_Score      1     18.39 5831.2  586.91
## - Dev_Count       1     21.43 5834.3  589.87
## - Rating          3     57.06 5869.9  620.38
## - Genre          11    145.05 5957.9  688.71
## - Top_20_Devs     1    222.30 6035.1  781.73
## - Mod_Developer 179    868.21 6681.0 1002.03
## - Critic_Score    1    692.63 6505.5 1207.08
## - Platform       16   1811.88 7624.7 2076.89

The model selected through backward selection is validated by checking the residual plot of the model. The residual plot shows that the residuals are random and have distinct patterns.

# Of the three models, the model made with forward selection and backward selection are better

# make plots of the residuals to validate the selected model
residualPlot(Forward_mod)

Model Prediction and Testing

Using the validated model, a prediction is made on the test set to test the accuracy of the prediciton.

# prediction on test set
Games_Test$Predict <- predict(Backward_mod, Games_Test)

# testing and plotting
# make a scatterplot using both the predicted and the actual
Sales_plot <- ggplot(Games_Test, aes(x = Global_Sales, y = Predict, label = Games_Test$Name)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
  geom_abline(aes(intercept = 0, slope = 1), color = "blue") +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", color = "red")
ggplotly(Sales_plot)
summary(Backward_mod)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(Global_Sales) ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score + 
##     Mod_Developer + Dev_Count + Rating + Top_20_Devs + Platform, 
##     data = Games_Train)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -4.6775 -0.6417  0.0029  0.6713  4.3072 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                              Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)                                  9.248895   0.429542  21.532
## GenreAdventure                              -0.435657   0.082485  -5.282
## GenreFighting                                0.098118   0.078055   1.257
## GenreMisc                                    0.155677   0.076771   2.028
## GenrePlatform                               -0.144808   0.071136  -2.036
## GenrePuzzle                                 -0.806052   0.115668  -6.969
## GenreRacing                                  0.102231   0.069444   1.472
## GenreRole-Playing                           -0.142235   0.061020  -2.331
## GenreShooter                                -0.035237   0.055748  -0.632
## GenreSimulation                              0.127352   0.084140   1.514
## GenreSports                                 -0.113323   0.069152  -1.639
## GenreStrategy                               -0.457611   0.087845  -5.209
## Critic_Score                                 0.038677   0.001517  25.493
## User_Score                                  -0.057211   0.013773  -4.154
## Mod_Developer3DO                             0.227273   0.496904   0.457
## Mod_Developer7 Studios                       0.900592   0.514459   1.751
## Mod_Developer989 Sports                      0.820793   0.510404   1.608
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim                         0.031948   0.473538   0.067
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim Studios Cheltenham      0.315882   0.558318   0.566
## Mod_DeveloperAcquire                         0.220231   0.527021   0.418
## Mod_DeveloperActivision                      0.334693   0.489403   0.684
## Mod_DeveloperAmaze Entertainment             0.761423   0.480899   1.583
## Mod_DeveloperArc System Works               -1.336649   0.480209  -2.783
## Mod_DeveloperArgonaut Games                  0.460811   0.514754   0.895
## Mod_DeveloperArtificial Mind and Movement   -0.232028   0.487541  -0.476
## Mod_DeveloperAsobo Studio                    0.784169   0.502515   1.560
## Mod_DeveloperAtlus                           0.226359   0.486062   0.466
## Mod_DeveloperAvalanche Software              1.267832   0.490256   2.586
## Mod_DeveloperBackbone Entertainment          0.241425   0.475162   0.508
## Mod_DeveloperBandai                          0.111075   0.513667   0.216
## Mod_DeveloperBandai Namco Games              0.606158   0.481684   1.258
## Mod_DeveloperBeenox                         -0.028819   0.480513  -0.060
## Mod_DeveloperBioWare                         0.941103   0.474248   1.984
## Mod_DeveloperBizarre Creations               0.742777   0.525168   1.414
## Mod_DeveloperBlack Box                       0.910082   0.487856   1.865
## Mod_DeveloperBlitz Games                     0.673253   0.479249   1.405
## Mod_DeveloperBlizzard Entertainment          2.446373   0.474455   5.156
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Castle Games              -0.069432   0.499976  -0.139
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Tongue Entertainment       0.030406   0.514007   0.059
## Mod_DeveloperBugbear                        -0.301070   0.527617  -0.571
## Mod_DeveloperCapcom                         -4.084497   1.157646  -3.528
## Mod_DeveloperCavia Inc.                      0.702272   0.539518   1.302
## Mod_DeveloperCity Interactive                1.362149   0.580478   2.347
## Mod_DeveloperClimax Group                   -0.789546   0.483756  -1.632
## Mod_DeveloperCodemasters                    -1.762250   0.590078  -2.986
## Mod_DeveloperCompile Heart                  -0.053583   0.541866  -0.099
## Mod_DeveloperCreative Assembly               1.003721   0.475619   2.110
## Mod_DeveloperCriterion Games                 0.124980   0.464408   0.269
## Mod_DeveloperCrystal Dynamics                0.296712   0.474240   0.626
## Mod_DeveloperCrytek                          1.312525   0.514983   2.549
## Mod_DeveloperCyberConnect2                   0.252764   0.468298   0.540
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Eclipse                 0.851184   0.492393   1.729
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Extremes                1.028884   0.610058   1.687
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Illusions               0.659953   0.525003   1.257
## Mod_DeveloperDimps Corporation               0.809743   0.470729   1.720
## Mod_DeveloperDouble Helix Games              0.421927   0.486732   0.867
## Mod_DeveloperEA Black Box                    1.410475   0.510833   2.761
## Mod_DeveloperEA Bright Light                 0.876803   0.493094   1.778
## Mod_DeveloperEA Canada                      -5.052631   1.379984  -3.661
## Mod_DeveloperEA DICE                        -0.615780   0.479898  -1.283
## Mod_DeveloperEA Games                        0.573022   0.468910   1.222
## Mod_DeveloperEA LA                           1.399113   0.484998   2.885
## Mod_DeveloperEA Redwood Shores               0.803475   0.464255   1.731
## Mod_DeveloperEA Sports                      -4.522539   1.319301  -3.428
## Mod_DeveloperEA Tiburon                     -2.137912   0.805219  -2.655
## Mod_DeveloperEdge of Reality                 0.872989   0.513970   1.699
## Mod_DeveloperElectronic Arts                -1.247917   0.672359  -1.856
## Mod_DeveloperEpic Games                      0.634354   0.490275   1.294
## Mod_DeveloperEurocom Entertainment Software -0.065634   0.508210  -0.129
## Mod_DeveloperEutechnyx                      -0.427183   0.486151  -0.879
## Mod_DeveloperExient Entertainment           -0.108424   0.460801  -0.235
## Mod_DeveloperFiraxis Games                   1.083427   0.518471   2.090
## Mod_DeveloperFree Radical Design             0.204587   0.526148   0.389
## Mod_DeveloperFreeStyleGames                  0.535920   0.543303   0.986
## Mod_DeveloperFrom Software                  -0.737477   0.502455  -1.468
## Mod_DeveloperFrontier Developments           0.996518   0.562156   1.773
## Mod_DeveloperFUN Labs                        0.495097   0.511709   0.968
## Mod_DeveloperGaijin Entertainment            0.034397   0.612947   0.056
## Mod_DeveloperGame Arts                       0.555436   0.490408   1.133
## Mod_DeveloperGame Republic                   0.442222   0.525892   0.841
## Mod_DeveloperGearbox Software                0.156657   0.474130   0.330
## Mod_DeveloperGrasshopper Manufacture        -0.337189   0.504410  -0.668
## Mod_DeveloperGriptonite Games                0.688595   0.479032   1.437
## Mod_DeveloperGust                           -0.043459   0.497404  -0.087
## Mod_DeveloperHaemimont                       0.616304   0.505897   1.218
## Mod_DeveloperHAL Labs                        2.037767   0.496913   4.101
## Mod_DeveloperHarmonix Music Systems         -0.138180   0.485135  -0.285
## Mod_DeveloperHB Studios Multimedia           0.247640   0.523097   0.473
## Mod_DeveloperHeavy Iron Studios              1.198766   0.493951   2.427
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Moon Studios               0.397466   0.524983   0.757
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Voltage Software          -0.272427   0.484059  -0.563
## Mod_DeveloperHudson                          1.915299   0.517316   3.702
## Mod_DeveloperHudson Soft                     0.529131   0.539487   0.981
## Mod_Developerid Software                     0.601656   0.515136   1.168
## Mod_DeveloperInfinity Ward                   0.458441   0.486154   0.943
## Mod_DeveloperIntelligent Systems             1.431006   0.488240   2.931
## Mod_DeveloperIo Interactive                  0.113534   0.466720   0.243
## Mod_DeveloperKCEJ                            0.923600   0.558048   1.655
## Mod_DeveloperKCET                            0.053942   0.463593   0.116
## Mod_DeveloperKoei                           -0.851076   0.489677  -1.738
## Mod_DeveloperKojima Productions              0.744356   0.496930   1.498
## Mod_DeveloperKonami                         -3.112838   0.917042  -3.394
## Mod_DeveloperKrome Studios                   0.479588   0.471912   1.016
## Mod_DeveloperKush Games                     -0.026277   0.466059  -0.056
## Mod_DeveloperLevel 5                         0.253378   0.491692   0.515
## Mod_DeveloperLucasArts                       0.768410   0.482106   1.594
## Mod_DeveloperMass Media                      0.791377   0.491556   1.610
## Mod_DeveloperMaxis                           0.840061   0.511863   1.641
## Mod_DeveloperMicrosoft Game Studios          1.115873   0.512469   2.177
## Mod_DeveloperMidway                         -0.760891   0.532660  -1.428
## Mod_DeveloperMilestone S.r.l                -0.818932   0.494428  -1.656
## Mod_DeveloperMonolith Productions            0.963459   0.540038   1.784
## Mod_Developern-Space                         1.028530   0.609412   1.688
## Mod_DeveloperNamco                          -0.840078   0.579421  -1.450
## Mod_DeveloperNamco Bandai Games              0.446350   0.473834   0.942
## Mod_DeveloperNatsume                         0.059630   0.541298   0.110
## Mod_DeveloperNaughty Dog                     0.440553   0.519309   0.848
## Mod_DeveloperNeverland                       0.093611   0.497658   0.188
## Mod_DeveloperNeversoft Entertainment         0.077516   0.518677   0.149
## Mod_DeveloperNext Level Games                0.302920   0.523229   0.579
## Mod_DeveloperNintendo                       -1.711740   0.670680  -2.552
## Mod_DeveloperNippon Ichi Software           -0.579227   0.472024  -1.227
## Mod_DeveloperNow Production                 -0.362289   0.608326  -0.596
## Mod_DeveloperObsidian Entertainment          0.887752   0.480397   1.848
## Mod_DeveloperOmega Force                    -1.804605   0.689739  -2.616
## Mod_DeveloperPage 44 Studios                 0.767705   0.554432   1.385
## Mod_DeveloperPandemic Studios                1.154291   0.483847   2.386
## Mod_DeveloperParadigm Entertainment          0.752195   0.514076   1.463
## Mod_DeveloperPipeworks Software              1.213833   0.556077   2.183
## Mod_DeveloperPivotal Games                   0.508539   0.610904   0.832
## Mod_DeveloperPlatinumGames                   0.106541   0.484663   0.220
## Mod_DeveloperPoint of View                   0.174283   0.501891   0.347
## Mod_DeveloperPopCap                          0.637474   0.485741   1.312
## Mod_DeveloperRacjin                          0.354928   0.524950   0.676
## Mod_DeveloperRadical Entertainment          -0.188610   0.488456  -0.386
## Mod_DeveloperRainbow Studios                 0.456649   0.467136   0.978
## Mod_DeveloperRare Ltd.                       1.112618   0.474040   2.347
## Mod_DeveloperRaven Software                  0.634768   0.497076   1.277
## Mod_DeveloperRebellion                      -0.533409   0.473766  -1.126
## Mod_DeveloperRed Storm Entertainment         1.000889   0.526096   1.902
## Mod_DeveloperRelic                           0.475729   0.507635   0.937
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar North                  0.236229   0.540338   0.437
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar San Diego              1.024459   0.477458   2.146
## Mod_DeveloperRocksteady Studios              1.129079   0.489375   2.307
## Mod_DeveloperSCE Japan Studio                0.212915   0.485849   0.438
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA                            0.083226   0.481383   0.173
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA San Diego Studios         -0.070517   0.467603  -0.151
## Mod_DeveloperSCEE London Studio              0.972539   0.512158   1.899
## Mod_DeveloperSega                           -0.284804   0.487692  -0.584
## Mod_DeveloperShaba Games                     0.771824   0.522635   1.477
## Mod_DeveloperShiny Entertainment             1.950567   0.579577   3.365
## Mod_DeveloperSmall/New Developer             0.812177   0.402686   2.017
## Mod_DeveloperSNK Playmore                   -0.688024   0.483463  -1.423
## Mod_DeveloperSonic Team                      0.699798   0.493231   1.419
## Mod_DeveloperSpark Unlimited                 0.812123   0.514400   1.579
## Mod_DeveloperSpike                           0.359408   0.482217   0.745
## Mod_DeveloperSpike Chunsoft                  0.168784   0.507666   0.332
## Mod_DeveloperSquare Enix                    -0.007879   0.519166  -0.015
## Mod_DeveloperSquareSoft                      1.984719   0.489854   4.052
## Mod_DeveloperStarbreeze                     -0.197855   0.526082  -0.376
## Mod_DeveloperSting                          -0.117193   0.527437  -0.222
## Mod_DeveloperSumo Digital                    0.122748   0.487703   0.252
## Mod_DeveloperTaito Corporation              -0.341962   0.476192  -0.718
## Mod_DeveloperTeam 17                        -0.422630   0.471309  -0.897
## Mod_DeveloperTeam Ninja                      0.286845   0.480764   0.597
## Mod_DeveloperTechland                        0.333931   0.481792   0.693
## Mod_DeveloperTecmo                          -0.593354   0.473940  -1.252
## Mod_DeveloperTerminal Reality               -0.460663   0.470453  -0.979
## Mod_DeveloperTHQ                            -0.058295   0.461323  -0.126
## Mod_DeveloperTOSE                            0.358005   0.486073   0.737
## Mod_DeveloperToys for Bob                    0.684213   0.483185   1.416
## Mod_DeveloperTraveller's Tales              -0.866915   0.653365  -1.327
## Mod_DeveloperTreasure                       -0.448550   0.525994  -0.853
## Mod_DeveloperTreyarch                       -1.619064   0.536214  -3.019
## Mod_DeveloperTri-Ace                         0.870208   0.515931   1.687
## Mod_DeveloperTT Games                        0.057850   0.513760   0.113
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft                        -2.864523   0.983273  -2.913
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montpellier             0.658419   0.480718   1.370
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montreal               -1.947482   0.797034  -2.443
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Paris                   1.037901   0.491615   2.111
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Quebec                  0.794411   0.539416   1.473
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Romania                 0.411082   0.525757   0.782
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Shanghai                0.019529   0.470612   0.041
## Mod_DeveloperValve Software                  1.419513   0.506047   2.805
## Mod_DeveloperVicarious Visions              -0.804784   0.607280  -1.325
## Mod_DeveloperVicious Cycle                   0.097998   0.504367   0.194
## Mod_DeveloperVisceral Games                  1.142712   0.513670   2.225
## Mod_DeveloperVisual Concepts                -1.560249   0.657154  -2.374
## Mod_DeveloperVolition Inc.                   0.163229   0.477151   0.342
## Mod_DeveloperWayForward                     -0.205204   0.475714  -0.431
## Mod_DeveloperYuke's                         -0.219019   0.536705  -0.408
## Mod_DeveloperZ-Axis                          0.561504   0.493751   1.137
## Mod_DeveloperZoe Mode                        0.270800   0.558343   0.485
## Dev_Count                                    0.040823   0.009103   4.484
## RatingE10+                                  -0.174017   0.052246  -3.331
## RatingM                                      0.191740   0.059287   3.234
## RatingT                                     -0.097000   0.047760  -2.031
## Top_20_Devs                                  1.824619   0.126340  14.442
## PlatformDC                                  -1.572528   0.347974  -4.519
## PlatformDS                                   0.097439   0.107927   0.903
## PlatformGBA                                 -0.323288   0.121637  -2.658
## PlatformGC                                  -0.628030   0.113904  -5.514
## PlatformPC                                  -1.720476   0.108090 -15.917
## PlatformPS                                   0.399066   0.137443   2.904
## PlatformPS2                                  0.257783   0.102550   2.514
## PlatformPS3                                  0.355607   0.104466   3.404
## PlatformPS4                                 -0.229205   0.120468  -1.903
## PlatformPSP                                 -0.125377   0.111514  -1.124
## PlatformPSV                                 -0.548685   0.144069  -3.808
## PlatformWii                                  0.454283   0.108238   4.197
## PlatformWiiU                                -0.478958   0.155314  -3.084
## PlatformX360                                 0.259175   0.103669   2.500
## PlatformXB                                  -0.628541   0.109140  -5.759
## PlatformXOne                                -0.429721   0.135354  -3.175
##                                             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                                  < 2e-16 ***
## GenreAdventure                              1.33e-07 ***
## GenreFighting                               0.208795    
## GenreMisc                                   0.042628 *  
## GenrePlatform                               0.041833 *  
## GenrePuzzle                                 3.58e-12 ***
## GenreRacing                                 0.141042    
## GenreRole-Playing                           0.019792 *  
## GenreShooter                                0.527361    
## GenreSimulation                             0.130193    
## GenreSports                                 0.101325    
## GenreStrategy                               1.97e-07 ***
## Critic_Score                                 < 2e-16 ***
## User_Score                                  3.32e-05 ***
## Mod_Developer3DO                            0.647417    
## Mod_Developer7 Studios                      0.080078 .  
## Mod_Developer989 Sports                     0.107866    
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim                        0.946213    
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim Studios Cheltenham     0.571570    
## Mod_DeveloperAcquire                        0.676052    
## Mod_DeveloperActivision                     0.494079    
## Mod_DeveloperAmaze Entertainment            0.113404    
## Mod_DeveloperArc System Works               0.005397 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperArgonaut Games                 0.370717    
## Mod_DeveloperArtificial Mind and Movement   0.634155    
## Mod_DeveloperAsobo Studio                   0.118702    
## Mod_DeveloperAtlus                          0.641450    
## Mod_DeveloperAvalanche Software             0.009734 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperBackbone Entertainment         0.611411    
## Mod_DeveloperBandai                         0.828810    
## Mod_DeveloperBandai Namco Games             0.208296    
## Mod_DeveloperBeenox                         0.952178    
## Mod_DeveloperBioWare                        0.047260 *  
## Mod_DeveloperBizarre Creations              0.157313    
## Mod_DeveloperBlack Box                      0.062169 .  
## Mod_DeveloperBlitz Games                    0.160135    
## Mod_DeveloperBlizzard Entertainment         2.61e-07 ***
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Castle Games              0.889557    
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Tongue Entertainment      0.952831    
## Mod_DeveloperBugbear                        0.568280    
## Mod_DeveloperCapcom                         0.000422 ***
## Mod_DeveloperCavia Inc.                     0.193086    
## Mod_DeveloperCity Interactive               0.018981 *  
## Mod_DeveloperClimax Group                   0.102712    
## Mod_DeveloperCodemasters                    0.002835 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperCompile Heart                  0.921233    
## Mod_DeveloperCreative Assembly              0.034874 *  
## Mod_DeveloperCriterion Games                0.787851    
## Mod_DeveloperCrystal Dynamics               0.531566    
## Mod_DeveloperCrytek                         0.010840 *  
## Mod_DeveloperCyberConnect2                  0.589391    
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Eclipse                0.083925 .  
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Extremes               0.091750 .  
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Illusions              0.208791    
## Mod_DeveloperDimps Corporation              0.085455 .  
## Mod_DeveloperDouble Helix Games             0.386059    
## Mod_DeveloperEA Black Box                   0.005780 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperEA Bright Light                0.075432 .  
## Mod_DeveloperEA Canada                      0.000253 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEA DICE                        0.199494    
## Mod_DeveloperEA Games                       0.221750    
## Mod_DeveloperEA LA                          0.003932 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperEA Redwood Shores              0.083566 .  
## Mod_DeveloperEA Sports                      0.000613 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEA Tiburon                     0.007952 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperEdge of Reality                0.089466 .  
## Mod_DeveloperElectronic Arts                0.063503 .  
## Mod_DeveloperEpic Games                     0.195764    
## Mod_DeveloperEurocom Entertainment Software 0.897245    
## Mod_DeveloperEutechnyx                      0.379600    
## Mod_DeveloperExient Entertainment           0.813990    
## Mod_DeveloperFiraxis Games                  0.036695 *  
## Mod_DeveloperFree Radical Design            0.697411    
## Mod_DeveloperFreeStyleGames                 0.323975    
## Mod_DeveloperFrom Software                  0.142230    
## Mod_DeveloperFrontier Developments          0.076339 .  
## Mod_DeveloperFUN Labs                       0.333318    
## Mod_DeveloperGaijin Entertainment           0.955250    
## Mod_DeveloperGame Arts                      0.257432    
## Mod_DeveloperGame Republic                  0.400441    
## Mod_DeveloperGearbox Software               0.741104    
## Mod_DeveloperGrasshopper Manufacture        0.503854    
## Mod_DeveloperGriptonite Games               0.150641    
## Mod_DeveloperGust                           0.930380    
## Mod_DeveloperHaemimont                      0.223186    
## Mod_DeveloperHAL Labs                       4.18e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperHarmonix Music Systems         0.775786    
## Mod_DeveloperHB Studios Multimedia          0.635939    
## Mod_DeveloperHeavy Iron Studios             0.015261 *  
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Moon Studios              0.449021    
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Voltage Software          0.573597    
## Mod_DeveloperHudson                         0.000216 ***
## Mod_DeveloperHudson Soft                    0.326733    
## Mod_Developerid Software                    0.242876    
## Mod_DeveloperInfinity Ward                  0.345725    
## Mod_DeveloperIntelligent Systems            0.003393 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperIo Interactive                 0.807813    
## Mod_DeveloperKCEJ                           0.097971 .  
## Mod_DeveloperKCET                           0.907374    
## Mod_DeveloperKoei                           0.082261 .  
## Mod_DeveloperKojima Productions             0.134215    
## Mod_DeveloperKonami                         0.000693 ***
## Mod_DeveloperKrome Studios                  0.309548    
## Mod_DeveloperKush Games                     0.955041    
## Mod_DeveloperLevel 5                        0.606351    
## Mod_DeveloperLucasArts                      0.111025    
## Mod_DeveloperMass Media                     0.107468    
## Mod_DeveloperMaxis                          0.100817    
## Mod_DeveloperMicrosoft Game Studios         0.029490 *  
## Mod_DeveloperMidway                         0.153212    
## Mod_DeveloperMilestone S.r.l                0.097714 .  
## Mod_DeveloperMonolith Productions           0.074470 .  
## Mod_Developern-Space                        0.091518 .  
## Mod_DeveloperNamco                          0.147156    
## Mod_DeveloperNamco Bandai Games             0.346236    
## Mod_DeveloperNatsume                        0.912285    
## Mod_DeveloperNaughty Dog                    0.396283    
## Mod_DeveloperNeverland                      0.850803    
## Mod_DeveloperNeversoft Entertainment        0.881204    
## Mod_DeveloperNext Level Games               0.562652    
## Mod_DeveloperNintendo                       0.010730 *  
## Mod_DeveloperNippon Ichi Software           0.219832    
## Mod_DeveloperNow Production                 0.551500    
## Mod_DeveloperObsidian Entertainment         0.064663 .  
## Mod_DeveloperOmega Force                    0.008912 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperPage 44 Studios                0.166210    
## Mod_DeveloperPandemic Studios               0.017083 *  
## Mod_DeveloperParadigm Entertainment         0.143471    
## Mod_DeveloperPipeworks Software             0.029089 *  
## Mod_DeveloperPivotal Games                  0.405198    
## Mod_DeveloperPlatinumGames                  0.826015    
## Mod_DeveloperPoint of View                  0.728415    
## Mod_DeveloperPopCap                         0.189450    
## Mod_DeveloperRacjin                         0.498994    
## Mod_DeveloperRadical Entertainment          0.699412    
## Mod_DeveloperRainbow Studios                0.328340    
## Mod_DeveloperRare Ltd.                      0.018956 *  
## Mod_DeveloperRaven Software                 0.201655    
## Mod_DeveloperRebellion                      0.260261    
## Mod_DeveloperRed Storm Entertainment        0.057161 .  
## Mod_DeveloperRelic                          0.348724    
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar North                 0.661993    
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar San Diego             0.031945 *  
## Mod_DeveloperRocksteady Studios             0.021082 *  
## Mod_DeveloperSCE Japan Studio               0.661235    
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA                           0.862745    
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA San Diego Studios         0.880135    
## Mod_DeveloperSCEE London Studio             0.057630 .  
## Mod_DeveloperSega                           0.559255    
## Mod_DeveloperShaba Games                    0.139789    
## Mod_DeveloperShiny Entertainment            0.000769 ***
## Mod_DeveloperSmall/New Developer            0.043755 *  
## Mod_DeveloperSNK Playmore                   0.154760    
## Mod_DeveloperSonic Team                     0.156013    
## Mod_DeveloperSpark Unlimited                0.114446    
## Mod_DeveloperSpike                          0.456108    
## Mod_DeveloperSpike Chunsoft                 0.739546    
## Mod_DeveloperSquare Enix                    0.987892    
## Mod_DeveloperSquareSoft                     5.16e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperStarbreeze                     0.706864    
## Mod_DeveloperSting                          0.824171    
## Mod_DeveloperSumo Digital                   0.801293    
## Mod_DeveloperTaito Corporation              0.472716    
## Mod_DeveloperTeam 17                        0.369910    
## Mod_DeveloperTeam Ninja                     0.550770    
## Mod_DeveloperTechland                       0.488275    
## Mod_DeveloperTecmo                          0.210637    
## Mod_DeveloperTerminal Reality               0.327529    
## Mod_DeveloperTHQ                            0.899449    
## Mod_DeveloperTOSE                           0.461442    
## Mod_DeveloperToys for Bob                   0.156819    
## Mod_DeveloperTraveller's Tales              0.184616    
## Mod_DeveloperTreasure                       0.393827    
## Mod_DeveloperTreyarch                       0.002544 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperTri-Ace                        0.091723 .  
## Mod_DeveloperTT Games                       0.910351    
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft                        0.003591 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montpellier            0.170850    
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montreal               0.014581 *  
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Paris                  0.034800 *  
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Quebec                 0.140883    
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Romania                0.434316    
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Shanghai               0.966901    
## Mod_DeveloperValve Software                 0.005048 ** 
## Mod_DeveloperVicarious Visions              0.185151    
## Mod_DeveloperVicious Cycle                  0.845949    
## Mod_DeveloperVisceral Games                 0.026149 *  
## Mod_DeveloperVisual Concepts                0.017619 *  
## Mod_DeveloperVolition Inc.                  0.732296    
## Mod_DeveloperWayForward                     0.666224    
## Mod_DeveloperYuke's                         0.683231    
## Mod_DeveloperZ-Axis                         0.255496    
## Mod_DeveloperZoe Mode                       0.627690    
## Dev_Count                                   7.46e-06 ***
## RatingE10+                                  0.000872 ***
## RatingM                                     0.001228 ** 
## RatingT                                     0.042305 *  
## Top_20_Devs                                  < 2e-16 ***
## PlatformDC                                  6.34e-06 ***
## PlatformDS                                  0.366661    
## PlatformGBA                                 0.007888 ** 
## PlatformGC                                  3.68e-08 ***
## PlatformPC                                   < 2e-16 ***
## PlatformPS                                  0.003705 ** 
## PlatformPS2                                 0.011975 *  
## PlatformPS3                                 0.000669 ***
## PlatformPS4                                 0.057141 .  
## PlatformPSP                                 0.260930    
## PlatformPSV                                 0.000141 ***
## PlatformWii                                 2.75e-05 ***
## PlatformWiiU                                0.002054 ** 
## PlatformX360                                0.012447 *  
## PlatformXB                                  8.92e-09 ***
## PlatformXOne                                0.001508 ** 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.032 on 5454 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4825, Adjusted R-squared:  0.4623 
## F-statistic: 23.87 on 213 and 5454 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16