Capstone Model Selection
George Harley Mejia
January 28, 2019
# Load csv file
Clean_Video_Games_Data <- read.csv2("Clean_Video_Games_Data.csv")
# set seed
set.seed(8)
# Change Global_Sales variable into millions
Clean_Video_Games_Data <- Clean_Video_Games_Data %>% mutate(Global_Sales = Global_Sales * 1000000)## Warning: package 'bindrcpp' was built under R version 3.4.4Before selecting a model for analysis, it could be useful to create some variables that detail the development of games and the role that co-developers play. From the developer variable, a co-developer variable and a count for that variable are made. Also, another developer variable is made that only shows the names of developers that have made more than 10 games.
## Create any other variables that could be used for later analysis
# Create the co developer column from the developer column
Clean_Video_Games_Data <- separate(Clean_Video_Games_Data, Developer, c("Developer", "Co_Developer"), sep = ",")## Warning: Expected 2 pieces. Additional pieces discarded in 13 rows [1280,
## 1615, 2748, 4114, 4171, 4663, 6191, 6414, 6494, 6559, 6569, 6883, 6936].## Warning: Expected 2 pieces. Missing pieces filled with `NA` in 6626 rows
## [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
## 24, ...].Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer <- ifelse(is.na(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer), "None", Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer)
# Make count column for Developer
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer <- as.character(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer)
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Dev_Count <- as.numeric(ave(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer, Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer, FUN = length))
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer <- as.character(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer)
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Dev_Count <- as.numeric(ave(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer, Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer, FUN = length))
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Dev_Count <- ifelse(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Developer == "None", 0, Clean_Video_Games_Data$Co_Dev_Count)
# Create a new Developer column that shows which developers have only made 10 or fewer games
Larger_devs <- Clean_Video_Games_Data %>% count(Developer) %>% filter(n >= 10)
Clean_Video_Games_Data <- Clean_Video_Games_Data %>% mutate(Mod_Developer = ifelse(Developer %in% Larger_devs$Developer, Developer, "Small/New Developer"))Model Selection
To start the model selection process, the data is split into a testing and training set. The training set contains 80 percent of the data, while the test set contains the remaining 20 percent.
# Split data into testing and training
split <- sample.split(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Global_Sales, SplitRatio = 0.8)
Games_Train <- subset(Clean_Video_Games_Data, split == TRUE)
Games_Test <- subset(Clean_Video_Games_Data, split == FALSE)First, a model is selected manually using “Global_Sales” as the dependent variable and 5 other variables as the independent variables from the training set.
# Manual Selection
Games_Mod <- lm(Global_Sales ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score + Rating + Top_20_Devs, data = Games_Train)
summary(Games_Mod)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Global_Sales ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score +
## Rating + Top_20_Devs, data = Games_Train)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4246314 -523645 -201456 219957 12022485
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -942662 101441 -9.293 < 2e-16 ***
## GenreAdventure -310198 91902 -3.375 0.000742 ***
## GenreFighting 49489 76636 0.646 0.518457
## GenreMisc 263475 76547 3.442 0.000582 ***
## GenrePlatform -134963 77086 -1.751 0.080033 .
## GenrePuzzle -519506 124750 -4.164 3.17e-05 ***
## GenreRacing -48434 67695 -0.715 0.474354
## GenreRole-Playing -115838 59548 -1.945 0.051789 .
## GenreShooter -71048 56967 -1.247 0.212380
## GenreSimulation -20911 85530 -0.244 0.806858
## GenreSports -142608 63531 -2.245 0.024827 *
## GenreStrategy -527768 86477 -6.103 1.11e-09 ***
## Critic_Score 31219 1482 21.066 < 2e-16 ***
## User_Score -68298 14009 -4.875 1.12e-06 ***
## RatingE10+ -87526 55318 -1.582 0.113647
## RatingM 84673 58407 1.450 0.147198
## RatingT -153141 47844 -3.201 0.001378 **
## Top_20_Devs 2810718 80460 34.933 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1194000 on 5650 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2937, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2915
## F-statistic: 138.2 on 17 and 5650 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16# There are possibly better methods of model selection that are done automaticallyThe first model could be improved upon, therefore, an automated model selection process is used to find the best model possible. The scope of the model is set to possibly include any variable that could explain the global sales of games.
# Set the scope of the model fit
MaxFit <- lm(log(Global_Sales) ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score + Mod_Developer + Dev_Count + Rating + Top_20_Devs + Platform, data = Games_Train)
FitStart <- lm(log(Global_Sales) ~ 1, data = Games_Train)Both forward selection and backward selection are used to find the best model. Both methods returned the same model.
# Forward selection
Forward_mod <- step(FitStart, direction = "forward", scope = formula(MaxFit))## Start: AIC=3878.77
## log(Global_Sales) ~ 1
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Platform 16 1625.66 9606.8 3024.7
## + Critic_Score 1 1566.93 9665.6 3029.2
## + Mod_Developer 179 2066.72 9165.8 3084.3
## + Top_20_Devs 1 899.80 10332.7 3407.5
## + Dev_Count 1 438.40 10794.1 3655.1
## + Genre 11 427.76 10804.7 3680.7
## + User_Score 1 348.05 10884.4 3702.4
## + Rating 3 80.25 11152.3 3844.1
## <none> 11232.5 3878.8
##
## Step: AIC=3024.66
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Critic_Score 1 2046.76 7560.1 1668.7
## + Mod_Developer 179 2076.36 7530.5 2002.4
## + Top_20_Devs 1 880.42 8726.4 2481.8
## + User_Score 1 458.12 9148.7 2749.7
## + Dev_Count 1 335.49 9271.3 2825.2
## + Genre 11 208.97 9397.9 2922.0
## + Rating 3 111.62 9495.2 2964.4
## <none> 9606.8 3024.7
##
## Step: AIC=1668.65
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Mod_Developer 179 1222.02 6338.1 1027.3
## + Top_20_Devs 1 484.45 7075.6 1295.3
## + Genre 11 213.28 7346.8 1528.5
## + Dev_Count 1 100.29 7459.8 1595.0
## + User_Score 1 70.39 7489.7 1617.6
## + Rating 3 61.10 7499.0 1628.7
## <none> 7560.1 1668.7
##
## Step: AIC=1027.32
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Top_20_Devs 1 270.780 6067.3 781.84
## + Genre 11 172.056 6166.0 893.33
## + Rating 3 74.759 6263.3 966.07
## + Dev_Count 1 48.352 6289.7 985.92
## + User_Score 1 28.512 6309.5 1003.77
## <none> 6338.1 1027.32
##
## Step: AIC=781.84
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Genre 11 154.909 5912.4 657.25
## + Rating 3 61.316 6006.0 730.27
## + Dev_Count 1 30.558 6036.7 755.23
## + User_Score 1 21.266 6046.0 763.94
## <none> 6067.3 781.84
##
## Step: AIC=657.25
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs + Genre
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Rating 3 59.108 5853.3 606.30
## + Dev_Count 1 24.041 5888.3 636.16
## + User_Score 1 19.095 5893.3 640.91
## <none> 5912.4 657.25
##
## Step: AIC=606.3
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Dev_Count 1 22.046 5831.2 586.91
## + User_Score 1 19.002 5834.3 589.87
## <none> 5853.3 606.30
##
## Step: AIC=586.91
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating + Dev_Count
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + User_Score 1 18.388 5812.8 571.01
## <none> 5831.2 586.91
##
## Step: AIC=571.01
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating + Dev_Count + User_Scoresummary(Forward_mod)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(Global_Sales) ~ Platform + Critic_Score + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating + Dev_Count + User_Score, data = Games_Train)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.6775 -0.6417 0.0029 0.6713 4.3072
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 9.248895 0.429542 21.532
## PlatformDC -1.572528 0.347974 -4.519
## PlatformDS 0.097439 0.107927 0.903
## PlatformGBA -0.323288 0.121637 -2.658
## PlatformGC -0.628030 0.113904 -5.514
## PlatformPC -1.720476 0.108090 -15.917
## PlatformPS 0.399066 0.137443 2.904
## PlatformPS2 0.257783 0.102550 2.514
## PlatformPS3 0.355607 0.104466 3.404
## PlatformPS4 -0.229205 0.120468 -1.903
## PlatformPSP -0.125377 0.111514 -1.124
## PlatformPSV -0.548685 0.144069 -3.808
## PlatformWii 0.454283 0.108238 4.197
## PlatformWiiU -0.478958 0.155314 -3.084
## PlatformX360 0.259175 0.103669 2.500
## PlatformXB -0.628541 0.109140 -5.759
## PlatformXOne -0.429721 0.135354 -3.175
## Critic_Score 0.038677 0.001517 25.493
## Mod_Developer3DO 0.227273 0.496904 0.457
## Mod_Developer7 Studios 0.900592 0.514459 1.751
## Mod_Developer989 Sports 0.820793 0.510404 1.608
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim 0.031948 0.473538 0.067
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim Studios Cheltenham 0.315882 0.558318 0.566
## Mod_DeveloperAcquire 0.220231 0.527021 0.418
## Mod_DeveloperActivision 0.334693 0.489403 0.684
## Mod_DeveloperAmaze Entertainment 0.761423 0.480899 1.583
## Mod_DeveloperArc System Works -1.336649 0.480209 -2.783
## Mod_DeveloperArgonaut Games 0.460811 0.514754 0.895
## Mod_DeveloperArtificial Mind and Movement -0.232028 0.487541 -0.476
## Mod_DeveloperAsobo Studio 0.784169 0.502515 1.560
## Mod_DeveloperAtlus 0.226359 0.486062 0.466
## Mod_DeveloperAvalanche Software 1.267832 0.490256 2.586
## Mod_DeveloperBackbone Entertainment 0.241425 0.475162 0.508
## Mod_DeveloperBandai 0.111075 0.513667 0.216
## Mod_DeveloperBandai Namco Games 0.606158 0.481684 1.258
## Mod_DeveloperBeenox -0.028819 0.480513 -0.060
## Mod_DeveloperBioWare 0.941103 0.474248 1.984
## Mod_DeveloperBizarre Creations 0.742777 0.525168 1.414
## Mod_DeveloperBlack Box 0.910082 0.487856 1.865
## Mod_DeveloperBlitz Games 0.673253 0.479249 1.405
## Mod_DeveloperBlizzard Entertainment 2.446373 0.474455 5.156
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Castle Games -0.069432 0.499976 -0.139
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Tongue Entertainment 0.030406 0.514007 0.059
## Mod_DeveloperBugbear -0.301070 0.527617 -0.571
## Mod_DeveloperCapcom -4.084497 1.157646 -3.528
## Mod_DeveloperCavia Inc. 0.702272 0.539518 1.302
## Mod_DeveloperCity Interactive 1.362149 0.580478 2.347
## Mod_DeveloperClimax Group -0.789546 0.483756 -1.632
## Mod_DeveloperCodemasters -1.762250 0.590078 -2.986
## Mod_DeveloperCompile Heart -0.053583 0.541866 -0.099
## Mod_DeveloperCreative Assembly 1.003721 0.475619 2.110
## Mod_DeveloperCriterion Games 0.124980 0.464408 0.269
## Mod_DeveloperCrystal Dynamics 0.296712 0.474240 0.626
## Mod_DeveloperCrytek 1.312525 0.514983 2.549
## Mod_DeveloperCyberConnect2 0.252764 0.468298 0.540
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Eclipse 0.851184 0.492393 1.729
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Extremes 1.028884 0.610058 1.687
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Illusions 0.659953 0.525003 1.257
## Mod_DeveloperDimps Corporation 0.809743 0.470729 1.720
## Mod_DeveloperDouble Helix Games 0.421927 0.486732 0.867
## Mod_DeveloperEA Black Box 1.410475 0.510833 2.761
## Mod_DeveloperEA Bright Light 0.876803 0.493094 1.778
## Mod_DeveloperEA Canada -5.052631 1.379984 -3.661
## Mod_DeveloperEA DICE -0.615780 0.479898 -1.283
## Mod_DeveloperEA Games 0.573022 0.468910 1.222
## Mod_DeveloperEA LA 1.399113 0.484998 2.885
## Mod_DeveloperEA Redwood Shores 0.803475 0.464255 1.731
## Mod_DeveloperEA Sports -4.522539 1.319301 -3.428
## Mod_DeveloperEA Tiburon -2.137912 0.805219 -2.655
## Mod_DeveloperEdge of Reality 0.872989 0.513970 1.699
## Mod_DeveloperElectronic Arts -1.247917 0.672359 -1.856
## Mod_DeveloperEpic Games 0.634354 0.490275 1.294
## Mod_DeveloperEurocom Entertainment Software -0.065634 0.508210 -0.129
## Mod_DeveloperEutechnyx -0.427183 0.486151 -0.879
## Mod_DeveloperExient Entertainment -0.108424 0.460801 -0.235
## Mod_DeveloperFiraxis Games 1.083427 0.518471 2.090
## Mod_DeveloperFree Radical Design 0.204587 0.526148 0.389
## Mod_DeveloperFreeStyleGames 0.535920 0.543303 0.986
## Mod_DeveloperFrom Software -0.737477 0.502455 -1.468
## Mod_DeveloperFrontier Developments 0.996518 0.562156 1.773
## Mod_DeveloperFUN Labs 0.495097 0.511709 0.968
## Mod_DeveloperGaijin Entertainment 0.034397 0.612947 0.056
## Mod_DeveloperGame Arts 0.555436 0.490408 1.133
## Mod_DeveloperGame Republic 0.442222 0.525892 0.841
## Mod_DeveloperGearbox Software 0.156657 0.474130 0.330
## Mod_DeveloperGrasshopper Manufacture -0.337189 0.504410 -0.668
## Mod_DeveloperGriptonite Games 0.688595 0.479032 1.437
## Mod_DeveloperGust -0.043459 0.497404 -0.087
## Mod_DeveloperHaemimont 0.616304 0.505897 1.218
## Mod_DeveloperHAL Labs 2.037767 0.496913 4.101
## Mod_DeveloperHarmonix Music Systems -0.138180 0.485135 -0.285
## Mod_DeveloperHB Studios Multimedia 0.247640 0.523097 0.473
## Mod_DeveloperHeavy Iron Studios 1.198766 0.493951 2.427
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Moon Studios 0.397466 0.524983 0.757
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Voltage Software -0.272427 0.484059 -0.563
## Mod_DeveloperHudson 1.915299 0.517316 3.702
## Mod_DeveloperHudson Soft 0.529131 0.539487 0.981
## Mod_Developerid Software 0.601656 0.515136 1.168
## Mod_DeveloperInfinity Ward 0.458441 0.486154 0.943
## Mod_DeveloperIntelligent Systems 1.431006 0.488240 2.931
## Mod_DeveloperIo Interactive 0.113534 0.466720 0.243
## Mod_DeveloperKCEJ 0.923600 0.558048 1.655
## Mod_DeveloperKCET 0.053942 0.463593 0.116
## Mod_DeveloperKoei -0.851076 0.489677 -1.738
## Mod_DeveloperKojima Productions 0.744356 0.496930 1.498
## Mod_DeveloperKonami -3.112838 0.917042 -3.394
## Mod_DeveloperKrome Studios 0.479588 0.471912 1.016
## Mod_DeveloperKush Games -0.026277 0.466059 -0.056
## Mod_DeveloperLevel 5 0.253378 0.491692 0.515
## Mod_DeveloperLucasArts 0.768410 0.482106 1.594
## Mod_DeveloperMass Media 0.791377 0.491556 1.610
## Mod_DeveloperMaxis 0.840061 0.511863 1.641
## Mod_DeveloperMicrosoft Game Studios 1.115873 0.512469 2.177
## Mod_DeveloperMidway -0.760891 0.532660 -1.428
## Mod_DeveloperMilestone S.r.l -0.818932 0.494428 -1.656
## Mod_DeveloperMonolith Productions 0.963459 0.540038 1.784
## Mod_Developern-Space 1.028530 0.609412 1.688
## Mod_DeveloperNamco -0.840078 0.579421 -1.450
## Mod_DeveloperNamco Bandai Games 0.446350 0.473834 0.942
## Mod_DeveloperNatsume 0.059630 0.541298 0.110
## Mod_DeveloperNaughty Dog 0.440553 0.519309 0.848
## Mod_DeveloperNeverland 0.093611 0.497658 0.188
## Mod_DeveloperNeversoft Entertainment 0.077516 0.518677 0.149
## Mod_DeveloperNext Level Games 0.302920 0.523229 0.579
## Mod_DeveloperNintendo -1.711740 0.670680 -2.552
## Mod_DeveloperNippon Ichi Software -0.579227 0.472024 -1.227
## Mod_DeveloperNow Production -0.362289 0.608326 -0.596
## Mod_DeveloperObsidian Entertainment 0.887752 0.480397 1.848
## Mod_DeveloperOmega Force -1.804605 0.689739 -2.616
## Mod_DeveloperPage 44 Studios 0.767705 0.554432 1.385
## Mod_DeveloperPandemic Studios 1.154291 0.483847 2.386
## Mod_DeveloperParadigm Entertainment 0.752195 0.514076 1.463
## Mod_DeveloperPipeworks Software 1.213833 0.556077 2.183
## Mod_DeveloperPivotal Games 0.508539 0.610904 0.832
## Mod_DeveloperPlatinumGames 0.106541 0.484663 0.220
## Mod_DeveloperPoint of View 0.174283 0.501891 0.347
## Mod_DeveloperPopCap 0.637474 0.485741 1.312
## Mod_DeveloperRacjin 0.354928 0.524950 0.676
## Mod_DeveloperRadical Entertainment -0.188610 0.488456 -0.386
## Mod_DeveloperRainbow Studios 0.456649 0.467136 0.978
## Mod_DeveloperRare Ltd. 1.112618 0.474040 2.347
## Mod_DeveloperRaven Software 0.634768 0.497076 1.277
## Mod_DeveloperRebellion -0.533409 0.473766 -1.126
## Mod_DeveloperRed Storm Entertainment 1.000889 0.526096 1.902
## Mod_DeveloperRelic 0.475729 0.507635 0.937
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar North 0.236229 0.540338 0.437
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar San Diego 1.024459 0.477458 2.146
## Mod_DeveloperRocksteady Studios 1.129079 0.489375 2.307
## Mod_DeveloperSCE Japan Studio 0.212915 0.485849 0.438
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA 0.083226 0.481383 0.173
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA San Diego Studios -0.070517 0.467603 -0.151
## Mod_DeveloperSCEE London Studio 0.972539 0.512158 1.899
## Mod_DeveloperSega -0.284804 0.487692 -0.584
## Mod_DeveloperShaba Games 0.771824 0.522635 1.477
## Mod_DeveloperShiny Entertainment 1.950567 0.579577 3.365
## Mod_DeveloperSmall/New Developer 0.812177 0.402686 2.017
## Mod_DeveloperSNK Playmore -0.688024 0.483463 -1.423
## Mod_DeveloperSonic Team 0.699798 0.493231 1.419
## Mod_DeveloperSpark Unlimited 0.812123 0.514400 1.579
## Mod_DeveloperSpike 0.359408 0.482217 0.745
## Mod_DeveloperSpike Chunsoft 0.168784 0.507666 0.332
## Mod_DeveloperSquare Enix -0.007879 0.519166 -0.015
## Mod_DeveloperSquareSoft 1.984719 0.489854 4.052
## Mod_DeveloperStarbreeze -0.197855 0.526082 -0.376
## Mod_DeveloperSting -0.117193 0.527437 -0.222
## Mod_DeveloperSumo Digital 0.122748 0.487703 0.252
## Mod_DeveloperTaito Corporation -0.341962 0.476192 -0.718
## Mod_DeveloperTeam 17 -0.422630 0.471309 -0.897
## Mod_DeveloperTeam Ninja 0.286845 0.480764 0.597
## Mod_DeveloperTechland 0.333931 0.481792 0.693
## Mod_DeveloperTecmo -0.593354 0.473940 -1.252
## Mod_DeveloperTerminal Reality -0.460663 0.470453 -0.979
## Mod_DeveloperTHQ -0.058295 0.461323 -0.126
## Mod_DeveloperTOSE 0.358005 0.486073 0.737
## Mod_DeveloperToys for Bob 0.684213 0.483185 1.416
## Mod_DeveloperTraveller's Tales -0.866915 0.653365 -1.327
## Mod_DeveloperTreasure -0.448550 0.525994 -0.853
## Mod_DeveloperTreyarch -1.619064 0.536214 -3.019
## Mod_DeveloperTri-Ace 0.870208 0.515931 1.687
## Mod_DeveloperTT Games 0.057850 0.513760 0.113
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft -2.864523 0.983273 -2.913
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montpellier 0.658419 0.480718 1.370
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montreal -1.947482 0.797034 -2.443
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Paris 1.037901 0.491615 2.111
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Quebec 0.794411 0.539416 1.473
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Romania 0.411082 0.525757 0.782
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Shanghai 0.019529 0.470612 0.041
## Mod_DeveloperValve Software 1.419513 0.506047 2.805
## Mod_DeveloperVicarious Visions -0.804784 0.607280 -1.325
## Mod_DeveloperVicious Cycle 0.097998 0.504367 0.194
## Mod_DeveloperVisceral Games 1.142712 0.513670 2.225
## Mod_DeveloperVisual Concepts -1.560249 0.657154 -2.374
## Mod_DeveloperVolition Inc. 0.163229 0.477151 0.342
## Mod_DeveloperWayForward -0.205204 0.475714 -0.431
## Mod_DeveloperYuke's -0.219019 0.536705 -0.408
## Mod_DeveloperZ-Axis 0.561504 0.493751 1.137
## Mod_DeveloperZoe Mode 0.270800 0.558343 0.485
## Top_20_Devs 1.824619 0.126340 14.442
## GenreAdventure -0.435657 0.082485 -5.282
## GenreFighting 0.098118 0.078055 1.257
## GenreMisc 0.155677 0.076771 2.028
## GenrePlatform -0.144808 0.071136 -2.036
## GenrePuzzle -0.806052 0.115668 -6.969
## GenreRacing 0.102231 0.069444 1.472
## GenreRole-Playing -0.142235 0.061020 -2.331
## GenreShooter -0.035237 0.055748 -0.632
## GenreSimulation 0.127352 0.084140 1.514
## GenreSports -0.113323 0.069152 -1.639
## GenreStrategy -0.457611 0.087845 -5.209
## RatingE10+ -0.174017 0.052246 -3.331
## RatingM 0.191740 0.059287 3.234
## RatingT -0.097000 0.047760 -2.031
## Dev_Count 0.040823 0.009103 4.484
## User_Score -0.057211 0.013773 -4.154
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16 ***
## PlatformDC 6.34e-06 ***
## PlatformDS 0.366661
## PlatformGBA 0.007888 **
## PlatformGC 3.68e-08 ***
## PlatformPC < 2e-16 ***
## PlatformPS 0.003705 **
## PlatformPS2 0.011975 *
## PlatformPS3 0.000669 ***
## PlatformPS4 0.057141 .
## PlatformPSP 0.260930
## PlatformPSV 0.000141 ***
## PlatformWii 2.75e-05 ***
## PlatformWiiU 0.002054 **
## PlatformX360 0.012447 *
## PlatformXB 8.92e-09 ***
## PlatformXOne 0.001508 **
## Critic_Score < 2e-16 ***
## Mod_Developer3DO 0.647417
## Mod_Developer7 Studios 0.080078 .
## Mod_Developer989 Sports 0.107866
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim 0.946213
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim Studios Cheltenham 0.571570
## Mod_DeveloperAcquire 0.676052
## Mod_DeveloperActivision 0.494079
## Mod_DeveloperAmaze Entertainment 0.113404
## Mod_DeveloperArc System Works 0.005397 **
## Mod_DeveloperArgonaut Games 0.370717
## Mod_DeveloperArtificial Mind and Movement 0.634155
## Mod_DeveloperAsobo Studio 0.118702
## Mod_DeveloperAtlus 0.641450
## Mod_DeveloperAvalanche Software 0.009734 **
## Mod_DeveloperBackbone Entertainment 0.611411
## Mod_DeveloperBandai 0.828810
## Mod_DeveloperBandai Namco Games 0.208296
## Mod_DeveloperBeenox 0.952178
## Mod_DeveloperBioWare 0.047260 *
## Mod_DeveloperBizarre Creations 0.157313
## Mod_DeveloperBlack Box 0.062169 .
## Mod_DeveloperBlitz Games 0.160135
## Mod_DeveloperBlizzard Entertainment 2.61e-07 ***
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Castle Games 0.889557
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Tongue Entertainment 0.952831
## Mod_DeveloperBugbear 0.568280
## Mod_DeveloperCapcom 0.000422 ***
## Mod_DeveloperCavia Inc. 0.193086
## Mod_DeveloperCity Interactive 0.018981 *
## Mod_DeveloperClimax Group 0.102712
## Mod_DeveloperCodemasters 0.002835 **
## Mod_DeveloperCompile Heart 0.921233
## Mod_DeveloperCreative Assembly 0.034874 *
## Mod_DeveloperCriterion Games 0.787851
## Mod_DeveloperCrystal Dynamics 0.531566
## Mod_DeveloperCrytek 0.010840 *
## Mod_DeveloperCyberConnect2 0.589391
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Eclipse 0.083925 .
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Extremes 0.091750 .
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Illusions 0.208791
## Mod_DeveloperDimps Corporation 0.085455 .
## Mod_DeveloperDouble Helix Games 0.386059
## Mod_DeveloperEA Black Box 0.005780 **
## Mod_DeveloperEA Bright Light 0.075432 .
## Mod_DeveloperEA Canada 0.000253 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEA DICE 0.199494
## Mod_DeveloperEA Games 0.221750
## Mod_DeveloperEA LA 0.003932 **
## Mod_DeveloperEA Redwood Shores 0.083566 .
## Mod_DeveloperEA Sports 0.000613 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEA Tiburon 0.007952 **
## Mod_DeveloperEdge of Reality 0.089466 .
## Mod_DeveloperElectronic Arts 0.063503 .
## Mod_DeveloperEpic Games 0.195764
## Mod_DeveloperEurocom Entertainment Software 0.897245
## Mod_DeveloperEutechnyx 0.379600
## Mod_DeveloperExient Entertainment 0.813990
## Mod_DeveloperFiraxis Games 0.036695 *
## Mod_DeveloperFree Radical Design 0.697411
## Mod_DeveloperFreeStyleGames 0.323975
## Mod_DeveloperFrom Software 0.142230
## Mod_DeveloperFrontier Developments 0.076339 .
## Mod_DeveloperFUN Labs 0.333318
## Mod_DeveloperGaijin Entertainment 0.955250
## Mod_DeveloperGame Arts 0.257432
## Mod_DeveloperGame Republic 0.400441
## Mod_DeveloperGearbox Software 0.741104
## Mod_DeveloperGrasshopper Manufacture 0.503854
## Mod_DeveloperGriptonite Games 0.150641
## Mod_DeveloperGust 0.930380
## Mod_DeveloperHaemimont 0.223186
## Mod_DeveloperHAL Labs 4.18e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperHarmonix Music Systems 0.775786
## Mod_DeveloperHB Studios Multimedia 0.635939
## Mod_DeveloperHeavy Iron Studios 0.015261 *
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Moon Studios 0.449021
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Voltage Software 0.573597
## Mod_DeveloperHudson 0.000216 ***
## Mod_DeveloperHudson Soft 0.326733
## Mod_Developerid Software 0.242876
## Mod_DeveloperInfinity Ward 0.345725
## Mod_DeveloperIntelligent Systems 0.003393 **
## Mod_DeveloperIo Interactive 0.807813
## Mod_DeveloperKCEJ 0.097971 .
## Mod_DeveloperKCET 0.907374
## Mod_DeveloperKoei 0.082261 .
## Mod_DeveloperKojima Productions 0.134215
## Mod_DeveloperKonami 0.000693 ***
## Mod_DeveloperKrome Studios 0.309548
## Mod_DeveloperKush Games 0.955041
## Mod_DeveloperLevel 5 0.606351
## Mod_DeveloperLucasArts 0.111025
## Mod_DeveloperMass Media 0.107468
## Mod_DeveloperMaxis 0.100817
## Mod_DeveloperMicrosoft Game Studios 0.029490 *
## Mod_DeveloperMidway 0.153212
## Mod_DeveloperMilestone S.r.l 0.097714 .
## Mod_DeveloperMonolith Productions 0.074470 .
## Mod_Developern-Space 0.091518 .
## Mod_DeveloperNamco 0.147156
## Mod_DeveloperNamco Bandai Games 0.346236
## Mod_DeveloperNatsume 0.912285
## Mod_DeveloperNaughty Dog 0.396283
## Mod_DeveloperNeverland 0.850803
## Mod_DeveloperNeversoft Entertainment 0.881204
## Mod_DeveloperNext Level Games 0.562652
## Mod_DeveloperNintendo 0.010730 *
## Mod_DeveloperNippon Ichi Software 0.219832
## Mod_DeveloperNow Production 0.551500
## Mod_DeveloperObsidian Entertainment 0.064663 .
## Mod_DeveloperOmega Force 0.008912 **
## Mod_DeveloperPage 44 Studios 0.166210
## Mod_DeveloperPandemic Studios 0.017083 *
## Mod_DeveloperParadigm Entertainment 0.143471
## Mod_DeveloperPipeworks Software 0.029089 *
## Mod_DeveloperPivotal Games 0.405198
## Mod_DeveloperPlatinumGames 0.826015
## Mod_DeveloperPoint of View 0.728415
## Mod_DeveloperPopCap 0.189450
## Mod_DeveloperRacjin 0.498994
## Mod_DeveloperRadical Entertainment 0.699412
## Mod_DeveloperRainbow Studios 0.328340
## Mod_DeveloperRare Ltd. 0.018956 *
## Mod_DeveloperRaven Software 0.201655
## Mod_DeveloperRebellion 0.260261
## Mod_DeveloperRed Storm Entertainment 0.057161 .
## Mod_DeveloperRelic 0.348724
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar North 0.661993
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar San Diego 0.031945 *
## Mod_DeveloperRocksteady Studios 0.021082 *
## Mod_DeveloperSCE Japan Studio 0.661235
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA 0.862745
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA San Diego Studios 0.880135
## Mod_DeveloperSCEE London Studio 0.057630 .
## Mod_DeveloperSega 0.559255
## Mod_DeveloperShaba Games 0.139789
## Mod_DeveloperShiny Entertainment 0.000769 ***
## Mod_DeveloperSmall/New Developer 0.043755 *
## Mod_DeveloperSNK Playmore 0.154760
## Mod_DeveloperSonic Team 0.156013
## Mod_DeveloperSpark Unlimited 0.114446
## Mod_DeveloperSpike 0.456108
## Mod_DeveloperSpike Chunsoft 0.739546
## Mod_DeveloperSquare Enix 0.987892
## Mod_DeveloperSquareSoft 5.16e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperStarbreeze 0.706864
## Mod_DeveloperSting 0.824171
## Mod_DeveloperSumo Digital 0.801293
## Mod_DeveloperTaito Corporation 0.472716
## Mod_DeveloperTeam 17 0.369910
## Mod_DeveloperTeam Ninja 0.550770
## Mod_DeveloperTechland 0.488275
## Mod_DeveloperTecmo 0.210637
## Mod_DeveloperTerminal Reality 0.327529
## Mod_DeveloperTHQ 0.899449
## Mod_DeveloperTOSE 0.461442
## Mod_DeveloperToys for Bob 0.156819
## Mod_DeveloperTraveller's Tales 0.184616
## Mod_DeveloperTreasure 0.393827
## Mod_DeveloperTreyarch 0.002544 **
## Mod_DeveloperTri-Ace 0.091723 .
## Mod_DeveloperTT Games 0.910351
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft 0.003591 **
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montpellier 0.170850
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montreal 0.014581 *
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Paris 0.034800 *
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Quebec 0.140883
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Romania 0.434316
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Shanghai 0.966901
## Mod_DeveloperValve Software 0.005048 **
## Mod_DeveloperVicarious Visions 0.185151
## Mod_DeveloperVicious Cycle 0.845949
## Mod_DeveloperVisceral Games 0.026149 *
## Mod_DeveloperVisual Concepts 0.017619 *
## Mod_DeveloperVolition Inc. 0.732296
## Mod_DeveloperWayForward 0.666224
## Mod_DeveloperYuke's 0.683231
## Mod_DeveloperZ-Axis 0.255496
## Mod_DeveloperZoe Mode 0.627690
## Top_20_Devs < 2e-16 ***
## GenreAdventure 1.33e-07 ***
## GenreFighting 0.208795
## GenreMisc 0.042628 *
## GenrePlatform 0.041833 *
## GenrePuzzle 3.58e-12 ***
## GenreRacing 0.141042
## GenreRole-Playing 0.019792 *
## GenreShooter 0.527361
## GenreSimulation 0.130193
## GenreSports 0.101325
## GenreStrategy 1.97e-07 ***
## RatingE10+ 0.000872 ***
## RatingM 0.001228 **
## RatingT 0.042305 *
## Dev_Count 7.46e-06 ***
## User_Score 3.32e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.032 on 5454 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4825, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4623
## F-statistic: 23.87 on 213 and 5454 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16# Backward Selection
Backward_mod <- step(MaxFit, direction = "backward")## Start: AIC=571.01
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score + Mod_Developer +
## Dev_Count + Rating + Top_20_Devs + Platform
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 5812.8 571.01
## - User_Score 1 18.39 5831.2 586.91
## - Dev_Count 1 21.43 5834.3 589.87
## - Rating 3 57.06 5869.9 620.38
## - Genre 11 145.05 5957.9 688.71
## - Top_20_Devs 1 222.30 6035.1 781.73
## - Mod_Developer 179 868.21 6681.0 1002.03
## - Critic_Score 1 692.63 6505.5 1207.08
## - Platform 16 1811.88 7624.7 2076.89The model selected through backward selection is validated by checking the residual plot of the model. The residual plot shows that the residuals are random and have distinct patterns.
# Of the three models, the model made with forward selection and backward selection are better
# make plots of the residuals to validate the selected model
residualPlot(Forward_mod)
Model Prediction and Testing
Using the validated model, a prediction is made on the test set to test the accuracy of the prediciton.
# prediction on test set
Games_Test$Predict <- predict(Backward_mod, Games_Test)
# testing and plotting
# make a scatterplot using both the predicted and the actual
Sales_plot <- ggplot(Games_Test, aes(x = Global_Sales, y = Predict, label = Games_Test$Name)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_abline(aes(intercept = 0, slope = 1), color = "blue") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", color = "red")
ggplotly(Sales_plot)summary(Backward_mod)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(Global_Sales) ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score +
## Mod_Developer + Dev_Count + Rating + Top_20_Devs + Platform,
## data = Games_Train)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.6775 -0.6417 0.0029 0.6713 4.3072
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 9.248895 0.429542 21.532
## GenreAdventure -0.435657 0.082485 -5.282
## GenreFighting 0.098118 0.078055 1.257
## GenreMisc 0.155677 0.076771 2.028
## GenrePlatform -0.144808 0.071136 -2.036
## GenrePuzzle -0.806052 0.115668 -6.969
## GenreRacing 0.102231 0.069444 1.472
## GenreRole-Playing -0.142235 0.061020 -2.331
## GenreShooter -0.035237 0.055748 -0.632
## GenreSimulation 0.127352 0.084140 1.514
## GenreSports -0.113323 0.069152 -1.639
## GenreStrategy -0.457611 0.087845 -5.209
## Critic_Score 0.038677 0.001517 25.493
## User_Score -0.057211 0.013773 -4.154
## Mod_Developer3DO 0.227273 0.496904 0.457
## Mod_Developer7 Studios 0.900592 0.514459 1.751
## Mod_Developer989 Sports 0.820793 0.510404 1.608
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim 0.031948 0.473538 0.067
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim Studios Cheltenham 0.315882 0.558318 0.566
## Mod_DeveloperAcquire 0.220231 0.527021 0.418
## Mod_DeveloperActivision 0.334693 0.489403 0.684
## Mod_DeveloperAmaze Entertainment 0.761423 0.480899 1.583
## Mod_DeveloperArc System Works -1.336649 0.480209 -2.783
## Mod_DeveloperArgonaut Games 0.460811 0.514754 0.895
## Mod_DeveloperArtificial Mind and Movement -0.232028 0.487541 -0.476
## Mod_DeveloperAsobo Studio 0.784169 0.502515 1.560
## Mod_DeveloperAtlus 0.226359 0.486062 0.466
## Mod_DeveloperAvalanche Software 1.267832 0.490256 2.586
## Mod_DeveloperBackbone Entertainment 0.241425 0.475162 0.508
## Mod_DeveloperBandai 0.111075 0.513667 0.216
## Mod_DeveloperBandai Namco Games 0.606158 0.481684 1.258
## Mod_DeveloperBeenox -0.028819 0.480513 -0.060
## Mod_DeveloperBioWare 0.941103 0.474248 1.984
## Mod_DeveloperBizarre Creations 0.742777 0.525168 1.414
## Mod_DeveloperBlack Box 0.910082 0.487856 1.865
## Mod_DeveloperBlitz Games 0.673253 0.479249 1.405
## Mod_DeveloperBlizzard Entertainment 2.446373 0.474455 5.156
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Castle Games -0.069432 0.499976 -0.139
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Tongue Entertainment 0.030406 0.514007 0.059
## Mod_DeveloperBugbear -0.301070 0.527617 -0.571
## Mod_DeveloperCapcom -4.084497 1.157646 -3.528
## Mod_DeveloperCavia Inc. 0.702272 0.539518 1.302
## Mod_DeveloperCity Interactive 1.362149 0.580478 2.347
## Mod_DeveloperClimax Group -0.789546 0.483756 -1.632
## Mod_DeveloperCodemasters -1.762250 0.590078 -2.986
## Mod_DeveloperCompile Heart -0.053583 0.541866 -0.099
## Mod_DeveloperCreative Assembly 1.003721 0.475619 2.110
## Mod_DeveloperCriterion Games 0.124980 0.464408 0.269
## Mod_DeveloperCrystal Dynamics 0.296712 0.474240 0.626
## Mod_DeveloperCrytek 1.312525 0.514983 2.549
## Mod_DeveloperCyberConnect2 0.252764 0.468298 0.540
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Eclipse 0.851184 0.492393 1.729
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Extremes 1.028884 0.610058 1.687
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Illusions 0.659953 0.525003 1.257
## Mod_DeveloperDimps Corporation 0.809743 0.470729 1.720
## Mod_DeveloperDouble Helix Games 0.421927 0.486732 0.867
## Mod_DeveloperEA Black Box 1.410475 0.510833 2.761
## Mod_DeveloperEA Bright Light 0.876803 0.493094 1.778
## Mod_DeveloperEA Canada -5.052631 1.379984 -3.661
## Mod_DeveloperEA DICE -0.615780 0.479898 -1.283
## Mod_DeveloperEA Games 0.573022 0.468910 1.222
## Mod_DeveloperEA LA 1.399113 0.484998 2.885
## Mod_DeveloperEA Redwood Shores 0.803475 0.464255 1.731
## Mod_DeveloperEA Sports -4.522539 1.319301 -3.428
## Mod_DeveloperEA Tiburon -2.137912 0.805219 -2.655
## Mod_DeveloperEdge of Reality 0.872989 0.513970 1.699
## Mod_DeveloperElectronic Arts -1.247917 0.672359 -1.856
## Mod_DeveloperEpic Games 0.634354 0.490275 1.294
## Mod_DeveloperEurocom Entertainment Software -0.065634 0.508210 -0.129
## Mod_DeveloperEutechnyx -0.427183 0.486151 -0.879
## Mod_DeveloperExient Entertainment -0.108424 0.460801 -0.235
## Mod_DeveloperFiraxis Games 1.083427 0.518471 2.090
## Mod_DeveloperFree Radical Design 0.204587 0.526148 0.389
## Mod_DeveloperFreeStyleGames 0.535920 0.543303 0.986
## Mod_DeveloperFrom Software -0.737477 0.502455 -1.468
## Mod_DeveloperFrontier Developments 0.996518 0.562156 1.773
## Mod_DeveloperFUN Labs 0.495097 0.511709 0.968
## Mod_DeveloperGaijin Entertainment 0.034397 0.612947 0.056
## Mod_DeveloperGame Arts 0.555436 0.490408 1.133
## Mod_DeveloperGame Republic 0.442222 0.525892 0.841
## Mod_DeveloperGearbox Software 0.156657 0.474130 0.330
## Mod_DeveloperGrasshopper Manufacture -0.337189 0.504410 -0.668
## Mod_DeveloperGriptonite Games 0.688595 0.479032 1.437
## Mod_DeveloperGust -0.043459 0.497404 -0.087
## Mod_DeveloperHaemimont 0.616304 0.505897 1.218
## Mod_DeveloperHAL Labs 2.037767 0.496913 4.101
## Mod_DeveloperHarmonix Music Systems -0.138180 0.485135 -0.285
## Mod_DeveloperHB Studios Multimedia 0.247640 0.523097 0.473
## Mod_DeveloperHeavy Iron Studios 1.198766 0.493951 2.427
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Moon Studios 0.397466 0.524983 0.757
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Voltage Software -0.272427 0.484059 -0.563
## Mod_DeveloperHudson 1.915299 0.517316 3.702
## Mod_DeveloperHudson Soft 0.529131 0.539487 0.981
## Mod_Developerid Software 0.601656 0.515136 1.168
## Mod_DeveloperInfinity Ward 0.458441 0.486154 0.943
## Mod_DeveloperIntelligent Systems 1.431006 0.488240 2.931
## Mod_DeveloperIo Interactive 0.113534 0.466720 0.243
## Mod_DeveloperKCEJ 0.923600 0.558048 1.655
## Mod_DeveloperKCET 0.053942 0.463593 0.116
## Mod_DeveloperKoei -0.851076 0.489677 -1.738
## Mod_DeveloperKojima Productions 0.744356 0.496930 1.498
## Mod_DeveloperKonami -3.112838 0.917042 -3.394
## Mod_DeveloperKrome Studios 0.479588 0.471912 1.016
## Mod_DeveloperKush Games -0.026277 0.466059 -0.056
## Mod_DeveloperLevel 5 0.253378 0.491692 0.515
## Mod_DeveloperLucasArts 0.768410 0.482106 1.594
## Mod_DeveloperMass Media 0.791377 0.491556 1.610
## Mod_DeveloperMaxis 0.840061 0.511863 1.641
## Mod_DeveloperMicrosoft Game Studios 1.115873 0.512469 2.177
## Mod_DeveloperMidway -0.760891 0.532660 -1.428
## Mod_DeveloperMilestone S.r.l -0.818932 0.494428 -1.656
## Mod_DeveloperMonolith Productions 0.963459 0.540038 1.784
## Mod_Developern-Space 1.028530 0.609412 1.688
## Mod_DeveloperNamco -0.840078 0.579421 -1.450
## Mod_DeveloperNamco Bandai Games 0.446350 0.473834 0.942
## Mod_DeveloperNatsume 0.059630 0.541298 0.110
## Mod_DeveloperNaughty Dog 0.440553 0.519309 0.848
## Mod_DeveloperNeverland 0.093611 0.497658 0.188
## Mod_DeveloperNeversoft Entertainment 0.077516 0.518677 0.149
## Mod_DeveloperNext Level Games 0.302920 0.523229 0.579
## Mod_DeveloperNintendo -1.711740 0.670680 -2.552
## Mod_DeveloperNippon Ichi Software -0.579227 0.472024 -1.227
## Mod_DeveloperNow Production -0.362289 0.608326 -0.596
## Mod_DeveloperObsidian Entertainment 0.887752 0.480397 1.848
## Mod_DeveloperOmega Force -1.804605 0.689739 -2.616
## Mod_DeveloperPage 44 Studios 0.767705 0.554432 1.385
## Mod_DeveloperPandemic Studios 1.154291 0.483847 2.386
## Mod_DeveloperParadigm Entertainment 0.752195 0.514076 1.463
## Mod_DeveloperPipeworks Software 1.213833 0.556077 2.183
## Mod_DeveloperPivotal Games 0.508539 0.610904 0.832
## Mod_DeveloperPlatinumGames 0.106541 0.484663 0.220
## Mod_DeveloperPoint of View 0.174283 0.501891 0.347
## Mod_DeveloperPopCap 0.637474 0.485741 1.312
## Mod_DeveloperRacjin 0.354928 0.524950 0.676
## Mod_DeveloperRadical Entertainment -0.188610 0.488456 -0.386
## Mod_DeveloperRainbow Studios 0.456649 0.467136 0.978
## Mod_DeveloperRare Ltd. 1.112618 0.474040 2.347
## Mod_DeveloperRaven Software 0.634768 0.497076 1.277
## Mod_DeveloperRebellion -0.533409 0.473766 -1.126
## Mod_DeveloperRed Storm Entertainment 1.000889 0.526096 1.902
## Mod_DeveloperRelic 0.475729 0.507635 0.937
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar North 0.236229 0.540338 0.437
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar San Diego 1.024459 0.477458 2.146
## Mod_DeveloperRocksteady Studios 1.129079 0.489375 2.307
## Mod_DeveloperSCE Japan Studio 0.212915 0.485849 0.438
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA 0.083226 0.481383 0.173
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA San Diego Studios -0.070517 0.467603 -0.151
## Mod_DeveloperSCEE London Studio 0.972539 0.512158 1.899
## Mod_DeveloperSega -0.284804 0.487692 -0.584
## Mod_DeveloperShaba Games 0.771824 0.522635 1.477
## Mod_DeveloperShiny Entertainment 1.950567 0.579577 3.365
## Mod_DeveloperSmall/New Developer 0.812177 0.402686 2.017
## Mod_DeveloperSNK Playmore -0.688024 0.483463 -1.423
## Mod_DeveloperSonic Team 0.699798 0.493231 1.419
## Mod_DeveloperSpark Unlimited 0.812123 0.514400 1.579
## Mod_DeveloperSpike 0.359408 0.482217 0.745
## Mod_DeveloperSpike Chunsoft 0.168784 0.507666 0.332
## Mod_DeveloperSquare Enix -0.007879 0.519166 -0.015
## Mod_DeveloperSquareSoft 1.984719 0.489854 4.052
## Mod_DeveloperStarbreeze -0.197855 0.526082 -0.376
## Mod_DeveloperSting -0.117193 0.527437 -0.222
## Mod_DeveloperSumo Digital 0.122748 0.487703 0.252
## Mod_DeveloperTaito Corporation -0.341962 0.476192 -0.718
## Mod_DeveloperTeam 17 -0.422630 0.471309 -0.897
## Mod_DeveloperTeam Ninja 0.286845 0.480764 0.597
## Mod_DeveloperTechland 0.333931 0.481792 0.693
## Mod_DeveloperTecmo -0.593354 0.473940 -1.252
## Mod_DeveloperTerminal Reality -0.460663 0.470453 -0.979
## Mod_DeveloperTHQ -0.058295 0.461323 -0.126
## Mod_DeveloperTOSE 0.358005 0.486073 0.737
## Mod_DeveloperToys for Bob 0.684213 0.483185 1.416
## Mod_DeveloperTraveller's Tales -0.866915 0.653365 -1.327
## Mod_DeveloperTreasure -0.448550 0.525994 -0.853
## Mod_DeveloperTreyarch -1.619064 0.536214 -3.019
## Mod_DeveloperTri-Ace 0.870208 0.515931 1.687
## Mod_DeveloperTT Games 0.057850 0.513760 0.113
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft -2.864523 0.983273 -2.913
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montpellier 0.658419 0.480718 1.370
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montreal -1.947482 0.797034 -2.443
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Paris 1.037901 0.491615 2.111
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Quebec 0.794411 0.539416 1.473
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Romania 0.411082 0.525757 0.782
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Shanghai 0.019529 0.470612 0.041
## Mod_DeveloperValve Software 1.419513 0.506047 2.805
## Mod_DeveloperVicarious Visions -0.804784 0.607280 -1.325
## Mod_DeveloperVicious Cycle 0.097998 0.504367 0.194
## Mod_DeveloperVisceral Games 1.142712 0.513670 2.225
## Mod_DeveloperVisual Concepts -1.560249 0.657154 -2.374
## Mod_DeveloperVolition Inc. 0.163229 0.477151 0.342
## Mod_DeveloperWayForward -0.205204 0.475714 -0.431
## Mod_DeveloperYuke's -0.219019 0.536705 -0.408
## Mod_DeveloperZ-Axis 0.561504 0.493751 1.137
## Mod_DeveloperZoe Mode 0.270800 0.558343 0.485
## Dev_Count 0.040823 0.009103 4.484
## RatingE10+ -0.174017 0.052246 -3.331
## RatingM 0.191740 0.059287 3.234
## RatingT -0.097000 0.047760 -2.031
## Top_20_Devs 1.824619 0.126340 14.442
## PlatformDC -1.572528 0.347974 -4.519
## PlatformDS 0.097439 0.107927 0.903
## PlatformGBA -0.323288 0.121637 -2.658
## PlatformGC -0.628030 0.113904 -5.514
## PlatformPC -1.720476 0.108090 -15.917
## PlatformPS 0.399066 0.137443 2.904
## PlatformPS2 0.257783 0.102550 2.514
## PlatformPS3 0.355607 0.104466 3.404
## PlatformPS4 -0.229205 0.120468 -1.903
## PlatformPSP -0.125377 0.111514 -1.124
## PlatformPSV -0.548685 0.144069 -3.808
## PlatformWii 0.454283 0.108238 4.197
## PlatformWiiU -0.478958 0.155314 -3.084
## PlatformX360 0.259175 0.103669 2.500
## PlatformXB -0.628541 0.109140 -5.759
## PlatformXOne -0.429721 0.135354 -3.175
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16 ***
## GenreAdventure 1.33e-07 ***
## GenreFighting 0.208795
## GenreMisc 0.042628 *
## GenrePlatform 0.041833 *
## GenrePuzzle 3.58e-12 ***
## GenreRacing 0.141042
## GenreRole-Playing 0.019792 *
## GenreShooter 0.527361
## GenreSimulation 0.130193
## GenreSports 0.101325
## GenreStrategy 1.97e-07 ***
## Critic_Score < 2e-16 ***
## User_Score 3.32e-05 ***
## Mod_Developer3DO 0.647417
## Mod_Developer7 Studios 0.080078 .
## Mod_Developer989 Sports 0.107866
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim 0.946213
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim Studios Cheltenham 0.571570
## Mod_DeveloperAcquire 0.676052
## Mod_DeveloperActivision 0.494079
## Mod_DeveloperAmaze Entertainment 0.113404
## Mod_DeveloperArc System Works 0.005397 **
## Mod_DeveloperArgonaut Games 0.370717
## Mod_DeveloperArtificial Mind and Movement 0.634155
## Mod_DeveloperAsobo Studio 0.118702
## Mod_DeveloperAtlus 0.641450
## Mod_DeveloperAvalanche Software 0.009734 **
## Mod_DeveloperBackbone Entertainment 0.611411
## Mod_DeveloperBandai 0.828810
## Mod_DeveloperBandai Namco Games 0.208296
## Mod_DeveloperBeenox 0.952178
## Mod_DeveloperBioWare 0.047260 *
## Mod_DeveloperBizarre Creations 0.157313
## Mod_DeveloperBlack Box 0.062169 .
## Mod_DeveloperBlitz Games 0.160135
## Mod_DeveloperBlizzard Entertainment 2.61e-07 ***
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Castle Games 0.889557
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Tongue Entertainment 0.952831
## Mod_DeveloperBugbear 0.568280
## Mod_DeveloperCapcom 0.000422 ***
## Mod_DeveloperCavia Inc. 0.193086
## Mod_DeveloperCity Interactive 0.018981 *
## Mod_DeveloperClimax Group 0.102712
## Mod_DeveloperCodemasters 0.002835 **
## Mod_DeveloperCompile Heart 0.921233
## Mod_DeveloperCreative Assembly 0.034874 *
## Mod_DeveloperCriterion Games 0.787851
## Mod_DeveloperCrystal Dynamics 0.531566
## Mod_DeveloperCrytek 0.010840 *
## Mod_DeveloperCyberConnect2 0.589391
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Eclipse 0.083925 .
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Extremes 0.091750 .
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Illusions 0.208791
## Mod_DeveloperDimps Corporation 0.085455 .
## Mod_DeveloperDouble Helix Games 0.386059
## Mod_DeveloperEA Black Box 0.005780 **
## Mod_DeveloperEA Bright Light 0.075432 .
## Mod_DeveloperEA Canada 0.000253 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEA DICE 0.199494
## Mod_DeveloperEA Games 0.221750
## Mod_DeveloperEA LA 0.003932 **
## Mod_DeveloperEA Redwood Shores 0.083566 .
## Mod_DeveloperEA Sports 0.000613 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEA Tiburon 0.007952 **
## Mod_DeveloperEdge of Reality 0.089466 .
## Mod_DeveloperElectronic Arts 0.063503 .
## Mod_DeveloperEpic Games 0.195764
## Mod_DeveloperEurocom Entertainment Software 0.897245
## Mod_DeveloperEutechnyx 0.379600
## Mod_DeveloperExient Entertainment 0.813990
## Mod_DeveloperFiraxis Games 0.036695 *
## Mod_DeveloperFree Radical Design 0.697411
## Mod_DeveloperFreeStyleGames 0.323975
## Mod_DeveloperFrom Software 0.142230
## Mod_DeveloperFrontier Developments 0.076339 .
## Mod_DeveloperFUN Labs 0.333318
## Mod_DeveloperGaijin Entertainment 0.955250
## Mod_DeveloperGame Arts 0.257432
## Mod_DeveloperGame Republic 0.400441
## Mod_DeveloperGearbox Software 0.741104
## Mod_DeveloperGrasshopper Manufacture 0.503854
## Mod_DeveloperGriptonite Games 0.150641
## Mod_DeveloperGust 0.930380
## Mod_DeveloperHaemimont 0.223186
## Mod_DeveloperHAL Labs 4.18e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperHarmonix Music Systems 0.775786
## Mod_DeveloperHB Studios Multimedia 0.635939
## Mod_DeveloperHeavy Iron Studios 0.015261 *
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Moon Studios 0.449021
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Voltage Software 0.573597
## Mod_DeveloperHudson 0.000216 ***
## Mod_DeveloperHudson Soft 0.326733
## Mod_Developerid Software 0.242876
## Mod_DeveloperInfinity Ward 0.345725
## Mod_DeveloperIntelligent Systems 0.003393 **
## Mod_DeveloperIo Interactive 0.807813
## Mod_DeveloperKCEJ 0.097971 .
## Mod_DeveloperKCET 0.907374
## Mod_DeveloperKoei 0.082261 .
## Mod_DeveloperKojima Productions 0.134215
## Mod_DeveloperKonami 0.000693 ***
## Mod_DeveloperKrome Studios 0.309548
## Mod_DeveloperKush Games 0.955041
## Mod_DeveloperLevel 5 0.606351
## Mod_DeveloperLucasArts 0.111025
## Mod_DeveloperMass Media 0.107468
## Mod_DeveloperMaxis 0.100817
## Mod_DeveloperMicrosoft Game Studios 0.029490 *
## Mod_DeveloperMidway 0.153212
## Mod_DeveloperMilestone S.r.l 0.097714 .
## Mod_DeveloperMonolith Productions 0.074470 .
## Mod_Developern-Space 0.091518 .
## Mod_DeveloperNamco 0.147156
## Mod_DeveloperNamco Bandai Games 0.346236
## Mod_DeveloperNatsume 0.912285
## Mod_DeveloperNaughty Dog 0.396283
## Mod_DeveloperNeverland 0.850803
## Mod_DeveloperNeversoft Entertainment 0.881204
## Mod_DeveloperNext Level Games 0.562652
## Mod_DeveloperNintendo 0.010730 *
## Mod_DeveloperNippon Ichi Software 0.219832
## Mod_DeveloperNow Production 0.551500
## Mod_DeveloperObsidian Entertainment 0.064663 .
## Mod_DeveloperOmega Force 0.008912 **
## Mod_DeveloperPage 44 Studios 0.166210
## Mod_DeveloperPandemic Studios 0.017083 *
## Mod_DeveloperParadigm Entertainment 0.143471
## Mod_DeveloperPipeworks Software 0.029089 *
## Mod_DeveloperPivotal Games 0.405198
## Mod_DeveloperPlatinumGames 0.826015
## Mod_DeveloperPoint of View 0.728415
## Mod_DeveloperPopCap 0.189450
## Mod_DeveloperRacjin 0.498994
## Mod_DeveloperRadical Entertainment 0.699412
## Mod_DeveloperRainbow Studios 0.328340
## Mod_DeveloperRare Ltd. 0.018956 *
## Mod_DeveloperRaven Software 0.201655
## Mod_DeveloperRebellion 0.260261
## Mod_DeveloperRed Storm Entertainment 0.057161 .
## Mod_DeveloperRelic 0.348724
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar North 0.661993
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar San Diego 0.031945 *
## Mod_DeveloperRocksteady Studios 0.021082 *
## Mod_DeveloperSCE Japan Studio 0.661235
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA 0.862745
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA San Diego Studios 0.880135
## Mod_DeveloperSCEE London Studio 0.057630 .
## Mod_DeveloperSega 0.559255
## Mod_DeveloperShaba Games 0.139789
## Mod_DeveloperShiny Entertainment 0.000769 ***
## Mod_DeveloperSmall/New Developer 0.043755 *
## Mod_DeveloperSNK Playmore 0.154760
## Mod_DeveloperSonic Team 0.156013
## Mod_DeveloperSpark Unlimited 0.114446
## Mod_DeveloperSpike 0.456108
## Mod_DeveloperSpike Chunsoft 0.739546
## Mod_DeveloperSquare Enix 0.987892
## Mod_DeveloperSquareSoft 5.16e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperStarbreeze 0.706864
## Mod_DeveloperSting 0.824171
## Mod_DeveloperSumo Digital 0.801293
## Mod_DeveloperTaito Corporation 0.472716
## Mod_DeveloperTeam 17 0.369910
## Mod_DeveloperTeam Ninja 0.550770
## Mod_DeveloperTechland 0.488275
## Mod_DeveloperTecmo 0.210637
## Mod_DeveloperTerminal Reality 0.327529
## Mod_DeveloperTHQ 0.899449
## Mod_DeveloperTOSE 0.461442
## Mod_DeveloperToys for Bob 0.156819
## Mod_DeveloperTraveller's Tales 0.184616
## Mod_DeveloperTreasure 0.393827
## Mod_DeveloperTreyarch 0.002544 **
## Mod_DeveloperTri-Ace 0.091723 .
## Mod_DeveloperTT Games 0.910351
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft 0.003591 **
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montpellier 0.170850
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montreal 0.014581 *
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Paris 0.034800 *
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Quebec 0.140883
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Romania 0.434316
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Shanghai 0.966901
## Mod_DeveloperValve Software 0.005048 **
## Mod_DeveloperVicarious Visions 0.185151
## Mod_DeveloperVicious Cycle 0.845949
## Mod_DeveloperVisceral Games 0.026149 *
## Mod_DeveloperVisual Concepts 0.017619 *
## Mod_DeveloperVolition Inc. 0.732296
## Mod_DeveloperWayForward 0.666224
## Mod_DeveloperYuke's 0.683231
## Mod_DeveloperZ-Axis 0.255496
## Mod_DeveloperZoe Mode 0.627690
## Dev_Count 7.46e-06 ***
## RatingE10+ 0.000872 ***
## RatingM 0.001228 **
## RatingT 0.042305 *
## Top_20_Devs < 2e-16 ***
## PlatformDC 6.34e-06 ***
## PlatformDS 0.366661
## PlatformGBA 0.007888 **
## PlatformGC 3.68e-08 ***
## PlatformPC < 2e-16 ***
## PlatformPS 0.003705 **
## PlatformPS2 0.011975 *
## PlatformPS3 0.000669 ***
## PlatformPS4 0.057141 .
## PlatformPSP 0.260930
## PlatformPSV 0.000141 ***
## PlatformWii 2.75e-05 ***
## PlatformWiiU 0.002054 **
## PlatformX360 0.012447 *
## PlatformXB 8.92e-09 ***
## PlatformXOne 0.001508 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.032 on 5454 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4825, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4623
## F-statistic: 23.87 on 213 and 5454 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16